{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:07:30Z","timestamp":1790964450322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the US with an increasing prevalence worldwide. While ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-known risk factor, there is emerging evidence that the microbiota may also contribute. In recent years, the human microbiota has become a topic of great interest, and its association with inflammatory skin diseases (i.e., atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea) has been explored. Little is known of the role of microbiota in skin cancer, but with the recognized link between microbial dysbiosis and inflammation, and knowledge that microbiota modulates the effect of UV-induced immunosuppression, theories connecting the two have surfaced. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the key literature on human microbiota, especially the skin microbiota, and skin cancer (i.e., non-melanoma skin cancer, melanoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma). Also, mechanistic perspectives as to how our microbiota influence skin cancer development and treatment are offered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["The Human Microbiota and Skin Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2903-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Ri","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Deuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hei Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.6.681","article-title":"Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years","volume":"294","author":"Christenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2018.61.11.644","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of skin cancer","volume":"61","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahradyan, A., Howell, A.C., Wolfswinkel, E.M., Tsuha, M., Sheth, P., and Wong, A.K. (2017). Updates on the Management of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC). Healthcare, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040082"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0905","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"18","author":"Kullander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01432-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01432-18","article-title":"A natural history of actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma microbiomes","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhusudhan, N., Pausan, M.R., Halwachs, B., Durdevi\u0107, M., Windisch, M., Kehrmann, J., Patra, V., Wolf, P., Boukamp, P., and Moissl-Eichinger, C. (2020). Molecular Profiling of Keratinocyte Skin Tumors Links Staphylococcus aureus Overabundance and Increased Human \u03b2-Defensin-2 Expression to Growth Promotion of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030541"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.26.12.444","article-title":"Staphylococcal infections","volume":"26","author":"Todd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.014","article-title":"Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus colonization drives inflammation in atopic dermatitis","volume":"42","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0B013E31802CB860","article-title":"Retrospective study of the association between hypertrophic burn scarring and bacterial colonization","volume":"28","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4502","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao4502","article-title":"A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia","volume":"4","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02539-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02539-19","article-title":"Small molecules produced by commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis disrupt formation of biofilms by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"86","author":"Glatthardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.243","article-title":"Selective antimicrobial action is provided by phenol-soluble modulins derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal resident of the skin","volume":"130","author":"Cogen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogen, A.L., Yamasaki, K., Muto, J., Sanchez, K.M., Alexander, L.C., Tanios, J., Lai, Y., Kim, J.E., Nizet, V., and Gallo, R.L. (2010). Staphylococcus epidermidis antimicrobial \u03b4-toxin (phenol-soluble modulin-\u03b3) cooperates with host antimicrobial peptides to kill group A Streptococcus. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008557"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laborel-Pr\u00e9neron, E., Bianchi, P., Boralevi, F., Lehours, P., Fraysse, F., Morice-Picard, F., Sugai, M., Sato\u2019o, Y., Badiou, C., and Lina, G. (2015). Effects of the Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis secretomes isolated from the skin microbiota of atopic children on CD4+ T cell activation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141067"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.11.034","article-title":"Skin commensal Malassezia globosa secreted protease attenuates Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63562","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18855","article-title":"Cancer risk in patients with candidiasis: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1002\/onco.13593","article-title":"The Impact of Human Papillomavirus Infection on Skin Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.01.857","article-title":"Role of human papillomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01003-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01003-18","article-title":"An emerging issue in oncogenic virology: The role of beta human papillomavirus types in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"93","author":"Rollison","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tommasino, M. (2014). The Human Papillomavirus Family and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Seminars In Cancer Biology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.11.002"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D499","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw879","article-title":"The Papillomavirus Episteme: A major update to the papillomavirus sequence database","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/345436","article-title":"Epidermodysplasia verruciformis and susceptibility to HPV","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11153","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00954-06","article-title":"E6\/E7 expression of human papillomavirus type 20 (HPV-20) and HPV-27 influences proliferation and differentiation of the skin in UV-irradiated SKH-hr1 transgenic mice","volume":"80","author":"Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viarisio, D., Mueller-Decker, K., Kloz, U., Aengeneyndt, B., Kopp-Schneider, A., Gr\u00f6ne, H.-J., Gheit, T., Flechtenmacher, C., Gissmann, L., and Tommasino, M. (2011). E6 and E7 from beta HPV38 cooperate with ultraviolet light in the development of actinic keratosis-like lesions and squamous cell carcinoma in mice. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002125"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.012872-0","article-title":"Spontaneous tumour development in human papillomavirus type 8 E6 transgenic mice and rapid induction by UV-light exposure and wounding","volume":"90","author":"Marcuzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viarisio, D., M\u00fcller-Decker, K., Accardi, R., Robitaille, A., D\u00fcrst, M., Beer, K., Jansen, L., Flechtenmacher, C., Bozza, M., and Harbottle, R. (2018). Beta HPV38 oncoproteins act with a hit-and-run mechanism in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006783"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27581","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing fails to identify human virus sequences in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"131","author":"Ganzenmueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1719-9","article-title":"Immunity to commensal papillomaviruses protects against skin cancer","volume":"575","author":"Strickley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mok\u00e1nszki, A., M\u00e9hes, G., Csoma, S.L., Koll\u00e1r, S., and Chang Chien, Y.-C. (2021). Molecular Profiling of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Associated Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Melanoma. J. Diagn., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020212"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.183","article-title":"Merkel cell polyomavirus in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of immunocompetent individuals","volume":"129","author":"Dworkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04579.x","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Glud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.12.006","article-title":"Trends in melanoma incidence rates in eight susceptible populations to 2015","volume":"139","author":"Olsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e15","article-title":"Skin microbiome in acral melanoma: Corynebacterium is associated with advanced melanoma","volume":"48","author":"Mizuhashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090207","article-title":"IL-17 can promote tumor growth through an IL-6\u2013Stat3 signaling pathway","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171079","article-title":"Contextual control of skin immunity and inflammation by Corynebacterium","volume":"215","author":"Ridaura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuda, K., Yamanaka, K., Linan, W., Miyahara, Y., Akeda, T., Nakanishi, T., Kitagawa, H., Kakeda, M., Kurokawa, I., and Shiku, H. (2011). Intratumoral injection of Propionibacterium acnes suppresses malignant melanoma by enhancing Th1 immune responses. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029020"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12411","article-title":"Skin commensal bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis promote survival of melanocytes bearing UVB-induced DNA damage, while bacteria Propionibacterium acnes inhibit survival of melanocytes by increasing apoptosis","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2696","article-title":"Skin microbiome in melanomas and melanocytic nevi","volume":"26","author":"Salava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-018-00670-3","article-title":"Melanoma-related changes in skin microbiome","volume":"64","author":"Mekadim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00371","article-title":"Fusobacterium and colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7209","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3109","article-title":"Association of Fusobacterium species in pancreatic cancer tissues with molecular features and prognosis","volume":"6","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, N., Kitamura, N., Yoshida, K., Yamamoto, T., Ozaki, K., and Kudo, Y. (2020). Involvement of Fusobacterium Species in Oral Cancer Progression: A Literature Review Including Other Types of Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176207"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.010","article-title":"Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack","volume":"42","author":"Gur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06344.x","article-title":"Presence of high-risk mucosal human papillomavirus genotypes in primary melanoma and in acquired dysplastic melanocytic naevi","volume":"152","author":"Placa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0719-x","article-title":"Cell growth inhibition in HPV 18 positive uveal melanoma cells by E6\/E7 siRNA","volume":"34","author":"Cun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00866.x","article-title":"Detection of alpha- and beta-human papillomavirus (HPV) in cutaneous melanoma: A matched and controlled study using specific multiplex PCR combined with DNA microarray primer extension","volume":"18","author":"Ruer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Derm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01175.x","article-title":"Absence of merkel cell polyoma virus in cutaneous melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Koburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00860.x","article-title":"Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation in melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Schanab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205.e1-16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.08.033","article-title":"Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome): Part I. Diagnosis: Clinical and histopathologic features and new molecular and biologic markers","volume":"70","author":"Jawed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.028","article-title":"Role of Dysregulated Cytokine Signaling and Bacterial Triggers in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"138","author":"Fanok","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08612.x","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Talpur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018888107","article-title":"Antibiotics inhibit tumor and disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Lindahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12553615","article-title":"Association of HLA-DR5 with mycosis fungoides","volume":"80","author":"Safai","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12363352","article-title":"HLA-DR5 and DQB1* 03 class II alleles are associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Jackow","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-08-662353","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) stimulates STAT3 activation and IL-17 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"127","author":"Krejsgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"32","article-title":"Association of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, superantigen-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and oligoclonal T-cell receptor V\u03b2 gene expansion","volume":"89","author":"Jackow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480100060031","article-title":"Infections complicating mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome","volume":"267","author":"Axelrod","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.04.037","article-title":"The barrier function of organotypic non-melanoma skin cancer models","volume":"233","author":"Zoschke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.10.021","article-title":"Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Skin Microbiome Is Characterized by Shifts in Certain Commensal Bacteria but not Viruses when Compared with Healthy Controls","volume":"141","author":"Harkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.03.951","article-title":"Skin Microbiome in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma by 16S and Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing","volume":"140","author":"Salava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1620062","article-title":"Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri are cytotoxic to human cells in vitro due to high expression of alpha-hemolysin Hla","volume":"10","author":"Johansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117697","article-title":"The cutaneous T cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, is a human T cell lymphotropic virus-associated disease. A study of 50 patients","volume":"95","author":"Pancake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00309.x","article-title":"Examination of mycosis fungoides for the presence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus and human herpesvirus-6 by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"15","author":"Erkek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.8.1011","article-title":"High association of human herpesvirus 8 in large-plaque parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides","volume":"144","author":"Kreuter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03657.x","article-title":"Detection of Epstein\u2013Barr virus and human herpesvirus 7 and 8 genomes in primary cutaneous T-and B-cell lymphomas","volume":"143","author":"Nagore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"105","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in the skin","volume":"1","author":"Modlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitzpatrick\u2019s Dermatol. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4662","article-title":"Induction of keratinocyte migration via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37","volume":"175","author":"Tokumaru","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Antimicrobial lipids: Role in innate immunity and potential use in prevention and treatment of infections","volume":"3","author":"Thormar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog. Strateg. Combat. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5661","article-title":"The microbiome(s) and cancer: Know thy neighbor(s)","volume":"254","author":"DeNicola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2020.20.e21","article-title":"TLR10 and its unique anti-inflammatory properties and potential use as a target in therapeutics","volume":"20","author":"Fore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23016","article-title":"TLR4 in skin cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical interventions","volume":"58","author":"Dickinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12659","article-title":"Resatorvid-based pharmacological antagonism of cutaneous TLR4 blocks UV-induced NF-\u03baB and AP-1 signaling in keratinocytes and mouse skin","volume":"92","author":"Janda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0349","article-title":"Pharmacological TLR4 antagonism using topical resatorvid blocks solar UV-induced skin tumorigenesis in SKH-1 mice","volume":"11","author":"Burkett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.94","article-title":"TLR4-mediated skin carcinogenesis is dependent on immune and radioresistant cells","volume":"29","author":"Mittal","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1300-y","article-title":"Expression of TLR3, 4, 7 and 9 in cutaneous malignant melanoma: Relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis","volume":"305","author":"Eiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1843","article-title":"The expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9 in Merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Jouhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0469","article-title":"Intratumoral G100, a TLR4 agonist, induces antitumor immune responses and tumor regression in patients with merkel cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Bhatia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00135","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and skin cancer","volume":"5","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0404-9","article-title":"Commensal microbiota modulate gene expression in the skin","volume":"6","author":"Meisel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"461","article-title":"The role of the cutaneous microbiome in skin cancer: Lessons learned from the gut","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545456","article-title":"Th17 cytokines in non-melanoma skin cancer","volume":"45","author":"McAllister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00187","article-title":"Th17 cells paradoxical roles in melanoma and potential application in immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.116392","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment at a glance","volume":"125","author":"Balkwill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, P., Csonka, T., Kov\u00e1cs, T., S\u00e1ri, Z., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A., Kar\u00e1nyi, Z., Sze\u0151cs, D., Heged\u0171s, C., and Uray, K. (2019). Lithocholic acid, a metabolite of the microbiome, increases oxidative stress in breast cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091255"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0309","article-title":"Metabolite and microbiome interplay in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.35186","article-title":"Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals a novel interplay between commensal bacteria and metabolites in colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.036","article-title":"A tryptophan metabolite of the skin microbiota attenuates inflammation in patients with atopic dermatitis through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"143","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"535","article-title":"Microbiome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Novel Interplay Between the Skin Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites in Psoriasis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12334","article-title":"The skin microbiome and immune system: Potential target for chemoprevention?","volume":"34","author":"Sherwani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-11-r101","article-title":"Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption","volume":"13","author":"Zeeuwen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.278","article-title":"Epidermal expression of host response genes upon skin barrier disruption in normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"131","author":"Kamsteeg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/JID.2015.383","article-title":"Increased bacterial load and expression of antimicrobial peptides in skin of barrier-deficient mice with reduced cancer susceptibility","volume":"136","author":"Natsuga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.021","article-title":"Interplay of staphylococcal and host proteases promotes skin barrier disruption in Netherton syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000000349","article-title":"Chronic infections leading to squamous cell carcinoma from chronic inflammation: A case report and review of all causes","volume":"24","author":"Gajanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00198-1","article-title":"The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer","volume":"63","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700598","article-title":"Risk factors for histological types and anatomic sites of cutaneous basal-cell carcinoma: An Italian case\u2013control study","volume":"127","author":"Pelucchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012). Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-S1-S12","article-title":"Associations between environmental factors and incidence of cutaneous melanoma. Review","volume":"11","author":"Volkovova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12145","article-title":"Tanning bed and nail lamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignancy: A review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Tait","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13111","article-title":"Ultraviolet-radiation-induced inflammation promotes angiotropism and metastasis in melanoma","volume":"507","author":"Bald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02410","article-title":"Skin exposure to narrow band ultraviolet (UVB) light modulates the human intestinal microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Bosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.04.026","article-title":"Skin microbiome modulates the effect of ultraviolet radiation on cellular response and immune function","volume":"15","author":"Patra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001225","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as an oral photoprotective agent against UV-induced carcinogenesis","volume":"109","author":"Weill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201848024","article-title":"Oral administration of lipoteichoic acid from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG overcomes UVB-induced immunosuppression and impairs skin tumor growth in mice","volume":"49","author":"Friedrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9189","article-title":"The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type\u2013specific intracellular bacteria","volume":"368","author":"Nejman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03368-8","article-title":"Identification of bacteria-derived HLA-bound peptides in melanoma","volume":"592","author":"Kalaora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.03.053","article-title":"Intratumour microbiome associated with the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and patient survival in cutaneous melanoma","volume":"151","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2440","article-title":"Immunosuppressive environment in basal cell carcinoma: The role of regulatory T cells","volume":"96","author":"Omland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02105","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their prognostic value in cutaneous melanoma","volume":"11","author":"Maibach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.6.942","article-title":"Prevalence of Foxp3 positive T regulatory cells is increased during progression of cutaneous squamous tumors","volume":"49","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00280","article-title":"The gut microbiome influences host endocrine functions","volume":"40","author":"Rastelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1108","article-title":"Minireview: Gut microbiota: The neglected endocrine organ","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00387","article-title":"Interactions of intestinal bacteria with components of the intestinal mucus","volume":"7","author":"Sicard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.05.011","article-title":"Enterocyte death and intestinal barrier maintenance in homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Vereecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0207096","article-title":"Interactions between epithelial cells and leukocytes in immunity and tissue homeostasis","volume":"82","author":"Shaykhiev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523170","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/523170","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic inflammation, and genomic transformations in gastric MALT lymphoma","volume":"2013","author":"Witkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9322502","article-title":"Regression of gastric MALT lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori is predicted by endosonographic staging. MALT Lymphoma Study Group","volume":"113","author":"Sackmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1618173","article-title":"The \u2018in vivo lifestyle\u2019of bile acid 7\u03b1-dehydroxylating bacteria: Comparative genomics, metatranscriptomic, and bile acid metabolomics analysis of a defined microbial community in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"11","author":"Ridlon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14298","article-title":"Significance of the gut microbiome in multistep colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Mizutani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2015","article-title":"A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Domenico, E.G., Cavallo, I., Pontone, M., Toma, L., and Ensoli, F. (2017). Biofilm producing Salmonella typhi: Chronic colonization and development of gallbladder cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091887"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22078","article-title":"Cancer metastasis directly eradicated by targeted therapy with a modified Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"106","author":"Hayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.007","article-title":"Promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4","volume":"21","author":"Dapito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tutka, K., \u017bychowska, M., and Reich, A. (2020). Diversity and Composition of the Skin, Blood and Gut Microbiome in Rosacea\u2014A Systematic Review of the Literature. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111756"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-017-0178-5","article-title":"The role of the skin and gut microbiome in psoriatic disease","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2018.10.4.354","article-title":"Microbiome in the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.B., Byun, E.J., and Kim, H.S. (2019). Potential role of the microbiome in acne: A comprehensive review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070987"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4236","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates response to anti\u2013PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients","volume":"359","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1\u2013based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12377","article-title":"Structural basis for adaptation of lactobacilli to gastrointestinal mucus","volume":"16","author":"Etzold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102108-134304","article-title":"Bacterial quorum-sensing network architectures","volume":"43","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32835d7bba","article-title":"Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Whelan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"212","article-title":"Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: A review of clinical trials","volume":"13","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000320","article-title":"Use of probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis: A position paper by the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics","volume":"58","author":"Szajewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3109\/09637480903455971","article-title":"Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: An update","volume":"61","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032010000100016","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in primary care for colon cancer","volume":"47","author":"Denipote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.05.004","article-title":"Therapeutical use of probiotic formulations in clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Iannitti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.11.004","article-title":"The potential for probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"23","author":"Rauch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9050854","article-title":"Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: Postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence","volume":"9","author":"Liong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200484","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on colon cancer development","volume":"17","author":"Rafter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.15375","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with gastric and colorectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.060673","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Weston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2012.12026","article-title":"Prospective, randomized, open-label trial comparing the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of an acne treatment regimen with and without a probiotic supplement and minocycline in subjects with mild to moderate acne","volume":"17","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25487","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 modulates host inflammatory processes beyond the gut","volume":"4","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1088823","article-title":"Photoprotective effects of galacto-oligosaccharide and\/or Bifidobacterium longum supplementation against skin damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice","volume":"66","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"511","article-title":"Supplementation with oral probiotic bacteria maintains cutaneous immune homeostasis after UV exposure","volume":"16","author":"Benyacoub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120608","article-title":"First-in-human topical microbiome transplantation with Roseomonas mucosa for atopic dermatitis","volume":"3","author":"Myles","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-008-0179-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01142.x","article-title":"Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in infected burns: The potential use of probiotics in wound treatment","volume":"11","author":"Valdez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum lysate, a new ingredient for reactive skin","volume":"19","author":"Bastien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:14:26Z","timestamp":1760134466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/3\/1813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23031813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]}}}