{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:55:54Z","timestamp":1784883354338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lower Austrian Society for Research Funding","award":["K3-F-744\/005-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K3-F-744\/005-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation and thrombosis are closely intertwined in numerous disorders, including ischemic events and sepsis, as well as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrombotic complications are markers of disease severity in both sepsis and COVID-19 and are associated with multiorgan failure and increased mortality. Immunothrombosis is driven by the complement\/tissue factor\/neutrophil axis, as well as by activated platelets, which can trigger the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and release further effectors of immunothrombosis, including platelet factor 4 (PF4\/CXCL4) and high-mobility box 1 protein (HMGB1). Many of the central effectors of deregulated immunothrombosis, including activated platelets and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) expressing PF4, soluble PF4, HMGB1, histones, as well as histone-decorated NETs, are positively charged and thus bind to heparin. Here, we provide evidence that adsorbents functionalized with endpoint-attached heparin efficiently deplete activated platelets, pEVs, PF4, HMGB1 and histones\/nucleosomes. We propose that this elimination of central effectors of immunothrombosis, rather than direct binding of pathogens, could be of clinical relevance for mitigating thrombotic complications in sepsis or COVID-19 using heparin-functionalized adsorbents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Heparin-Functionalized Adsorbents Eliminate Central Effectors of Immunothrombosis, including Platelet Factor 4, High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein and Histones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2292-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Ebeyer-Masotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Eichhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislav","family":"Semak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Laukov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"},{"name":"Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoria","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3345","article-title":"Thrombosis as an Intravascular Effector of Innate Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Engelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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