{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:18:53Z","timestamp":1790637533664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM11916B6A28725C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM11916B6A28725C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","award":["FISR 2020-Covid FISR2020IP_03366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FISR 2020-Covid FISR2020IP_03366"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry for Health","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While blue LED (b-LED) light is increasingly being studied for its cytotoxic activity towards bacteria in therapy of skin-related infections, its effects on eukaryotic cells plasticity are less well characterized. Moreover, since different protocols are often used, comparing the effect of b-LED towards both microorganisms and epithelial surfaces may be difficult. The aim of this study was to analyze, in the same experimental setting, both the bactericidal activity and the effects on human keratinocytes. Exposure to b-LED induced an intense cytocidal activity against Gram-positive (i.e, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria associated with catheter-related infections. Treatment with b-LED of a human keratinocyte cell line induced a transient cell cycle arrest. At the molecular level, exposure to b-LED induced a transient downregulation of Cyclin D1 and an upregulation of p21, but not signs of apoptosis. Interestingly, a transient induction of phosphor-histone \u03b3-H2Ax, which is associated with genotoxic damages, was observed. At the same time, keratinocytes underwent a transient epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype, characterized by E-cadherin downregulation and SNAIL\/SLUG induction. As a functional readout of EMT induction, a scratch assay was performed. Surprisingly, b-LED treatment provoked a delay in the scratch closure. In conclusion, we demonstrated that b-LED microbicidal activity is associated with complex responses in keratinocytes that certainly deserve further analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:37:48Z","timestamp":1644363468000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exposure to b-LED Light While Exerting Antimicrobial Activity on Gram-Negative and -Positive Bacteria Promotes Transient EMT-like Changes and Growth Arrest in Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Michela","family":"Terri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Mancianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Trionfetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Casciaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto 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Spallanzani IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Montaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Domenici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Men\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Mangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3483-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Strippoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00161 Rome, 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