{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:34:42Z","timestamp":1791441282426,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucopolysaccharidoses are rare paediatric lysosomal storage disorders, characterised by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans within lysosomes. This is caused by deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of these molecules. Dependent on disease, progressive build-up of sugars may lead to musculoskeletal abnormalities and multi-organ failure, and in others, to cognitive decline, which is still a challenge for current therapies. The worsening of neuropathology, observed in patients following recovery from flu-like infections, suggests that inflammation is highly implicated in disease progression. This review provides an overview of the pathological features associated with the mucopolysaccharidoses and summarises current knowledge regarding the inflammatory responses observed in the central nervous system and periphery. We propose a model whereby progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans elicits an innate immune response, initiated by the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway, but also precipitated by secondary storage components. Its activation induces cells of the immune system to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1, which induce progression through chronic neuroinflammation. While TNF-\u03b1 is mostly associated with bone and joint disease in mucopolysaccharidoses, increasing evidence implicates IL-1 as a main effector of innate immunity in the central nervous system. The (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome is therefore implicated in chronic neuroinflammation and should be investigated further to identify novel anti-inflammatory treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23041999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1644786523000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Innate Immunity in Mucopolysaccharide Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3726-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana","family":"Mandolfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 3721 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Bigger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 3721 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, November 19). 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