{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:53Z","timestamp":1787028473277,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Austrian Science Fund and the Tyrol Research Fund","award":["FWF 31662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWF 31662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease in which dry and itchy skin may develop into skin lesions. AD has a strong genetic component, as children from parents with AD have a two-fold increased chance of developing the disease. Genetic risk loci and epigenetic modifications reported in AD mainly locate to genes involved in the immune response and epidermal barrier function. However, AD pathogenesis cannot be fully explained by (epi)genetic factors since environmental triggers such as stress, pollution, microbiota, climate, and allergens also play a crucial role. Alterations of the epidermal barrier in AD, observed at all stages of the disease and which precede the development of overt skin inflammation, manifest as: dry skin; epidermal ultrastructural abnormalities, notably anomalies of the lamellar body cargo system; and abnormal epidermal lipid composition, including shorter fatty acid moieties in several lipid classes, such as ceramides and free fatty acids. Thus, a compelling question is whether AD is primarily a lipid disorder evolving into a chronic inflammatory disease due to genetic susceptibility loci in immunogenic genes. In this review, we focus on lipid abnormalities observed in the epidermis and blood of AD patients and evaluate their primary role in eliciting an inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Atopic Dermatitis: The Fate of the Fat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Pavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Blunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Moosbrugger-Martinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2936-8488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Dubrac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.004","article-title":"Is eczema really on the increase worldwide?","volume":"121","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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