{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:21:13Z","timestamp":1777407673033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain\u2014acute, chronic and debilitating\u2014is the most feared neurotoxicity resulting from a survivable venomous snake bite. The purpose of this review is to present in a novel paradigm what we know about the molecular mechanisms responsible for pain after envenomation. Progressing from known pain modulating peptides and enzymes, to tissue level interactions with venom resulting in pain, to organ system level pain syndromes, to geographical level distribution of pain syndromes, the present work demonstrates that understanding the mechanisms responsible for pain is dependent on \u201clocation, location, location\u201d. It is our hope that this work can serve to inspire the molecular and epidemiologic investigations needed to better understand the neurotoxic mechanisms responsible for these snake venom mediated diverse pain syndromes and ultimately lead to agent specific treatments beyond anti-venom alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Review of the Mechanisms of Snake Venom Induced Pain: It\u2019s All about Location, Location, Location"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vance G.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08115.x","article-title":"Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: Structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis","volume":"278","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.11.003","article-title":"Three-finger snake neurotoxins and Ly6 proteins targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Pharmacological tools and endogenous modulators","volume":"36","author":"Tsetlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. 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