{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:41:32Z","timestamp":1792194092614,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The emergence and diffusion of strains of pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics constitutes a real public health challenge. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be carried by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, including commensal bacteria from the human microbiota, which require special monitoring in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Methods: We analyzed the proteomes of 335 new bacterial species from human microbiota to estimate its whole range of ARGs using the BLAST program against ARGs reference databases. Results: We found 278 bacteria that harbor a total of 883 potential ARGs with the following distribution: 264 macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin, 195 aminoglycosides, 156 tetracyclines, 58 \u03b2-lactamases, 58 fosfomycin, 51 glycopeptides, 36 nitroimidazoles, 33 phenicols and 32 rifamycin. Furthermore, evolutionary analyses revealed the potential horizontal transfer with pathogenic bacteria involving mobile genetic elements such as transposase and plasmid. We identified many ARGs that may represent new variants in fosfomycin and \u03b2-lactams resistance. Conclusion: These findings show that new bacterial species from human microbiota should be considered as an important reservoir of ARGs that can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. In vitro analyses of their phenotypic potential are required to improve our understanding of the functional role of this bacterial community in the development of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"2137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Whole Genome Analysis of 335 New Bacterial Species from Human Microbiota Reveals a Huge Reservoir of Transferable Antibiotic Resistance Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sami","family":"Khabthani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Merhej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Institut de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Sciences M\u00e9dicales et Param\u00e9dicales, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"The treasure called antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Adedeji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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