{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:51:05Z","timestamp":1792021865943,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/00503, PI18\/01216, PI19\/01337 and PI20\/00326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/00503, PI18\/01216, PI19\/01337 and PI20\/00326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI20\/00118, INT20\/00031, CP19\/00146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI20\/00118, INT20\/00031, CP19\/00146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Agency for Administration of University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGAUR (2017SGR948)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGAUR (2017SGR948)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sida","award":["RD12\/0017\/0005, RD12\/0025\/0001, RD16\/0025\/0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD12\/0017\/0005, RD12\/0025\/0001, RD16\/0025\/0006"]}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red","award":["CIBERINFEC CB21\/13\/00020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBERINFEC CB21\/13\/00020"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud del Servicio Andaluz de Salud","award":["C-0013-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0013-2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009674","name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/IISPV\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/IISPV\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Seimc-Gesida","award":["III Premio para J\u00f3venes Investigadores 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III Premio para J\u00f3venes Investigadores 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant proportion of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who successfully achieve virological suppression fail to recover CD4+ T-cell counts. Since adipose tissue has been discovered as a key immune organ, this study aimed to assess the role of adipokines in the HIV immunodiscordant response. This is a multicenter prospective study including 221 PLHIV starting the first antiretroviral therapy (ART) and classified according to baseline CD4+ T-cell counts\/\u00b5L (controls &gt; 200 cells\/\u00b5L and cases \u2264 200 cells\/\u00b5L). Immune failure recovery was considered when cases did not reach more than 250 CD4+ T cells\/\u00b5L at 144 weeks (immunological nonresponders, INR). Circulating adipokine concentrations were longitudinally measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. At baseline, apelin receptor (APLNR) and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) concentrations were significantly lower in INRs than in immunological responders (p = 0.043 and p = 0.034), and they remained lower during all ART follow-up visits (p = 0.044 and p = 0.028 for APLNR, p = 0.038 and p = 0.010 for ZAG, at 48 and 144 weeks, respectively). ZAG levels positively correlated with retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels (p &lt; 0.01), and low circulating RBP4 concentrations were related to a low CD4+ T-cell gain (p = 0.018 and p = 0.039 at 48 and 144 weeks, respectively). Multiple regression adjusted for clinical variables and adipokine concentrations confirmed both low APLNR and RBP4 as independent predictors for CD4+ T cells at 144 weeks (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, low APLNR and RBP4 concentrations were associated with poor immune recovery in treated PLHIV and could be considered predictive biomarkers of a discordant immunological response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Adipokines as New Biomarkers of Immune Recovery: Apelin Receptor, RBP4 and ZAG Are Related to CD4+ T-Cell Reconstitution in PLHIV on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Yeregui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Masip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Vilad\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda M.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"UGC Clinical Laboratories, Virgen del Roc\u00edo University Hospital\/CSIC\/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e0","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Mallolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"HIV Unit and Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, 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Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 de la Lluita contra les Infeccions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Olona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, 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(INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8907-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII (HJ23), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity Research Group (INIM), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horta, A., Nobrega, C., Amorim-Machado, P., Coutinho-Teixeira, V., Barreira-Silva, P., Boavida, S., Costa, P., Sarmento-Castro, R., Castro, A.G., and Correia-Neves, M. 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