{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:24:48Z","timestamp":1793759088346,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism where the mainstay of treatment is a Phe restricted diet consisting of a combination of limited amounts of natural protein with supplementation of Phe-free or low-Phe protein substitutes and special low protein foods. Suboptimal outcomes may be related to the different absorption kinetics of free AAs, which have lower biological efficacy than natural proteins. Physiomimic TechnologyTM is a technology engineered to prolong AA (AA-PT) release allowing physiological absorption and masking the odor and taste of free AAs. The aim of these studies was to assess the impact of AA-PT formulation on selected functional and metabolic parameters both in acute and long-term experimental studies. Adult rats in fasting conditions were randomized in different groups and treated by oral gavage. Acute AA-PT administration resulted in significantly lower BUN at 90 min versus baseline. Both BUN and glycemia were modulated in the same direction as intact casein protein. Long-term treatment with AA-PT significantly reduces the protein expression of the muscle degradation marker Bnip3L (\u221246%) while significantly increasing the proliferation of market myostatin (+58%). Animals dosed for 15 days with AA-PT had significantly stronger grip strength (+30%) versus baseline. In conclusion, the results suggest that the AA-PT formulation may have beneficial effects on both AA oxidation and catabolism with a direct impact on muscle as well as on other metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Vivo Metabolic Responses to Different Formulations of Amino Acid Mixtures for the Treatment of Phenylketonuria (PKU)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Giarratana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"APR Applied Pharma Research SA, 6828 Balerna, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Giardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMEVET\u2014Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Bologna University, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7584-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bighinati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIMEVET\u2014Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Bologna University, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APR Applied Pharma Research SA, 6828 Balerna, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4977-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, Rua Jacinta Marto, 1169-045 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS\u2014Center for Health Technology and Services Research, NOVA Medical School, Campo dos M\u00e1rtires da P\u00e1tria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Phenylketonuria: An Inborn Error of Phenylalanine Metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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