{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:30:05Z","timestamp":1784064605667,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government funding was obtained from Almazov National Medical Research Centre of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation and St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis is still an important medical and social problem. In recent years, great strides have been made in the fight against M. tuberculosis, especially in the Russian Federation. However, the emergence of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has led to the long-term isolation of the population on the one hand and to the relevance of using personal protective equipment on the other. Our knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation and tissue destruction is rapidly expanding, while our understanding of the pathology of human pulmonary tuberculosis gained through more the 100 years of research is still limited. This paper reviews the main molecular and cellular differences and similarities caused by M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as their critical immunological and pathomorphological features. Immune suppression caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in certain difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Furthermore, long-term lymphopenia, hyperinflammation, lung tissue injury and imbalance in CD4+ T cell subsets associated with COVID-19 could propagate M. tuberculosis infection and disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infections\u2014Unexpected Similarities of Pathogenesis and What to Expect from Co-Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Starshinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Malkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulia","family":"Zinchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Karev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kudlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, 115478 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Glushkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya Y.","family":"Starshinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Genetics and Microbiology Departament, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2249-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Villar-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Genetics and Microbiology Departament, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Dovgalyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Yablonskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001708","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01708-2020","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and active tuberculosis co-infection in an Italian reference hospital","volume":"56","author":"Stochino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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