{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:07:37Z","timestamp":1790712457629,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IMI EU Grant \u201cInvestigating Mechanisms and Models predictive of accessibility of therapeutics (IM2PACT) Into the Brain\u201d IMI2 - Call 12, (im2pact.org)","award":["GA n.807015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA n.807015"]}]},{"name":"a Ministero degli Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale MAECI grant, Progetti di ricerca scientifica e tecnologica di grande rilevanza by Ministero degli Esteri, Progetti Italy-USA, \u201cNanomedicine for Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)-crossing in CNS oncologi","award":["MAE00691612020-06-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAE00691612020-06-26"]}]},{"name":"FAR Unimore Fondazione di Modena \u201cNano-immuno targeting per il trattamento del glioblastoma multiforme\u201d NIT Project; GLIOSILK Project","award":["EURONANOMED2019-075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EURONANOMED2019-075"]}]},{"name":"Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease Foundation (CJDF)","award":["01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01"]}]},{"name":"Telethon project: \u201cPigment Epithelium-derived Factor (PEDF) peptide as therapeutic agents for inherited retinal degeneration\u201d","award":["GGP19113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGP19113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), discovered in 2004, are thin, long protrusions between cells utilized for intercellular transfer and communication. These newly discovered structures have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in homeostasis, but also in the spreading of diseases, infections, and metastases. Gaining much interest in the medical research field, TNTs have been shown to transport nanomedicines (NMeds) between cells. NMeds have been studied thanks to their advantageous features in terms of reduced toxicity of drugs, enhanced solubility, protection of the payload, prolonged release, and more interestingly, cell-targeted delivery. Nevertheless, their transfer between cells via TNTs makes their true fate unknown. If better understood, TNTs could help control NMed delivery. In fact, TNTs can represent the possibility both to improve the biodistribution of NMeds throughout a diseased tissue by increasing their formation, or to minimize their formation to block the transfer of dangerous material. To date, few studies have investigated the interaction between NMeds and TNTs. In this work, we will explain what TNTs are and how they form and then review what has been published regarding their potential use in nanomedicine research. We will highlight possible future approaches to better exploit TNT intercellular communication in the field of nanomedicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:25:45Z","timestamp":1645129545000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Tunneling Nanotubes: A New Target for Nanomedicine?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ottonelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Caraffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8318-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Vandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2204-1981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason Thomas","family":"Duskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ruozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotech Lab, Te.Far.T.I., Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093133","article-title":"Nanotubular Highways for Intercellular Organelle Transport","volume":"303","author":"Rustom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.15698\/cst2020.02.212","article-title":"Fine Intercellular Connections in Development: TNTs, Cytonemes, or Intercellular Bridges?","volume":"4","author":"Korenkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stress"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2701345","article-title":"Investigating Tunneling Nanotubes in Cancer Cells: Guidelines for Structural and Functional Studies through Cell Imaging","volume":"2020","author":"Dubois","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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