{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:29:33Z","timestamp":1791653373532,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minciencias","award":["Convocatoria Posdoctoral 848-2019 - PPTA 9005 CTO 654-2020\u201d to JG and RC."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Convocatoria Posdoctoral 848-2019 - PPTA 9005 CTO 654-2020\u201d to JG and RC."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipotoxicity is a metabolic condition resulting from the accumulation of free fatty acids in non-adipose tissues which involves a series of pathological responses triggered after chronic exposure to high levels of fatty acids, severely detrimental to cellular homeostasis and viability. In brain, lipotoxicity affects both neurons and other cell types, notably astrocytes, leading to neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson diseases (PD). In this study, we performed for the first time, a whole lipidomic characterization of Normal Human Astrocytes cultures exposed to toxic concentrations of palmitic acid and the protective compound tibolone, to establish and identify the set of potential metabolites that are modulated under these experimental treatments. The study covered 3843 features involved in the exo- and endo-metabolome extracts obtained from astrocytes with the mentioned treatments. Through multivariate statistical analysis such as PCA (principal component analysis), partial least squares (PLS-DA), clustering analysis, and machine learning enrichment analysis, it was possible to determine the specific metabolites that were affected by palmitic acid insult, such as phosphoethanolamines, phosphoserines phosphocholines and glycerophosphocholines, with their respective metabolic pathways impact. Moreover, our results suggest the importance of tibolone in the generation of neuroprotective metabolites by astrocytes and may be relevant to the development of neurodegenerative processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T22:54:02Z","timestamp":1645656842000},"page":"2474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Reveal High Accumulation of Glycerophospholipids in Human Astrocytes under the Lipotoxic Effect of Palmitic Acid and Tibolone Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas GRINCIBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o, Bogota 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Martin-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1720-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas Tecnolog\u00edas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogota 111511, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Cromatograf\u00eda y T\u00e9cnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-810X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioinform\u00e1tica y Biolog\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Bogot\u00e1, Bogota 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-3374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneth","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogot\u00e1, Bogota 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801498","article-title":"Lipotoxic diseases of nonadipose tissues in obesity","volume":"24","author":"Unger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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