{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:40:43Z","timestamp":1787686843501,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":388,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human cells are exposed to numerous exogenous and endogenous insults every day. Unlike other molecules, DNA cannot be replaced by resynthesis, hence damage to DNA can have major consequences for the cell. The DNA damage response contains overlapping signalling networks that repair DNA and hence maintain genomic integrity, and aberrant DNA damage responses are increasingly described in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, DNA repair declines during aging, which is the biggest risk factor for these conditions. If unrepaired, the accumulation of DNA damage results in death to eliminate cells with defective genomes. This is particularly important for postmitotic neurons because they have a limited capacity to proliferate, thus they must be maintained for life. Neuronal death is thus an important process in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the inability of neurons to divide renders them susceptible to senescence or re-entry to the cell cycle. The field of cell death has expanded significantly in recent years, and many new mechanisms have been described in various cell types, including neurons. Several of these mechanisms are linked to DNA damage. In this review, we provide an overview of the cell death pathways induced by DNA damage that are relevant to neurons and discuss the possible involvement of these mechanisms in neurodegenerative conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T07:22:35Z","timestamp":1645687355000},"page":"2484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Complex Mechanisms by Which Neurons Die Following DNA Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7626-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Shadfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Brocardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2427-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie D.","family":"Atkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0874-4","article-title":"DNA damage accumulates and responses are engaged in human ALS brain and spinal motor neurons and DNA repair is activatable in iPSC-derived motor neurons with SOD1 mutations","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.06.001","article-title":"Maintenance of genome stability","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2013.04.015","article-title":"DNA repair mechanisms in dividing and non-dividing cells","volume":"12","author":"Iyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016428","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016428","article-title":"Sources of DNA double-strand breaks and models of recombinational DNA repair","volume":"6","author":"Mehta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.082","article-title":"Efficient Single-Strand Break Repair Requires Binding to Both Poly(ADP-Ribose) and DNA by the Central BRCT Domain of XRCC1","volume":"26","author":"Polo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0150-x","article-title":"DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.06.034","article-title":"DNA damage and its links to neurodegeneration","volume":"83","author":"Madabhushi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03468-5","article-title":"Neuronal enhancers are hotspots for DNA single-strand break repair","volume":"593","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25048","article-title":"Mechanisms and Consequences of Double-Strand DNA Break Formation in Chromatin","volume":"231","author":"Cannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws310","article-title":"A single strand that links multiple neuropathologies in human disease","volume":"136","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/biom2040524","article-title":"Functional Aspects of PARP1 in DNA Repair and Transcription","volume":"2","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27043-8","article-title":"HPF1 dynamically controls the PARP1\/2 balance between initiating and elongating ADP-ribose modifications","volume":"12","author":"Langelier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.03.018","article-title":"The diverse roles and clinical relevance of PARPs in DNA damage repair: Current state of the art","volume":"84","author":"Schreiber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz120","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP1: Reaction mechanism and regulatory proteins","volume":"47","author":"Alemasova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.026","article-title":"Defective mitophagy in XPA via PARP-1 hyperactivation and NAD(+)\/SIRT1 reduction","volume":"157","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20790","article-title":"XRCC1 mutation is associated with PARP1 hyperactivation and cerebellar ataxia","volume":"541","author":"Hoch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13748","article-title":"Opportunities for the repurposing of PARP inhibitors for the therapy of non-oncological diseases","volume":"175","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5552-09.2010","article-title":"NAD+ depletion is necessary and sufficient for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated neuronal death","volume":"30","author":"Alano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"10083","article-title":"The current state of eukaryotic DNA base damage and repair","volume":"43","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/35088000","article-title":"Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair","volume":"412","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90057-W","article-title":"The DNA-dependent protein kinase: Requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen","volume":"72","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.02.024","article-title":"Differential phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs regulates the interplay between end-processing and end-ligation during nonhomologous end-joining","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03927","article-title":"Mesoscale conformational changes in the DNA-repair complex Rad50\/Mre11\/Nbs1 upon binding DNA","volume":"437","author":"Dekker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg541","article-title":"Requirement of the MRN complex for ATM activation by DNA damage","volume":"22","author":"Uziel","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42462","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100466200","article-title":"ATM phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"276","author":"Burma","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201001160","article-title":"The p400 ATPase regulates nucleosome stability and chromatin ubiquitination during DNA repair","volume":"191","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103455","article-title":"Acetylation by Tip60 is required for selective histone variant exchange at DNA lesions","volume":"306","author":"Kusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200503043","article-title":"Dynamic assembly and sustained retention of 53BP1 at the sites of DNA damage are controlled by Mdc1\/NFBD1","volume":"170","author":"Lukas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07476","article-title":"53BP1 facilitates long-range DNA end-joining during V(D)J recombination","volume":"456","author":"Difilippantonio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2008.103","article-title":"Phospho-dependent interactions between NBS1 and MDC1 mediate chromatin retention of the MRN complex at sites of DNA damage","volume":"9","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2344","article-title":"More than just a focus: The chromatin response to DNA damage and its role in genome integrity maintenance","volume":"13","author":"Lukas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0071-x","article-title":"L3MBTL2 orchestrates ubiquitin signalling by dictating the sequential recruitment of RNF8 and RNF168 after DNA damage","volume":"20","author":"Nowsheen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2013.03.004","article-title":"The response to DNA damage during differentiation: Pathways and consequences","volume":"743\u2013744","author":"Fortini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"4990","article-title":"DNA damage-activated kinase Chk2 is independent of proliferation or differentiation yet correlates with tissue biology","volume":"61","author":"Lukas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1011","article-title":"ATM and related protein kinases: Safeguarding genome integrity","volume":"3","author":"Shiloh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207318","article-title":"The ATR-p53 pathway is suppressed in noncycling normal and malignant lymphocytes","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0152-0","article-title":"DNA double-strand break repair-pathway choice in somatic mammalian cells","volume":"20","author":"Scully","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.052308.093131","article-title":"The mechanism of double-strand DNA break repair by the nonhomologous DNA end-joining pathway","volume":"79","author":"Lieber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.06.007","article-title":"DNA repair in neurons: So if they don\u2019t divide what\u2019s to repair?","volume":"614","author":"Fishel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(94)00381-E","article-title":"Human nucleotide excision repair syndromes: Molecular clues to unexpected intricacies","volume":"30A","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3466","article-title":"Base excision repair and lesion-dependent subpathways for repair of oxidative DNA damage","volume":"14","author":"Svilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2006.10.004","article-title":"The intricate structural chemistry of base excision repair machinery: Implications for DNA damage recognition, removal, and repair","volume":"6","author":"Hitomi","year":"2007","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(98)01383-X","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of DNA double strand break repair","volume":"8","author":"Kanaar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.1998.00180.x","article-title":"Double-strand break repair mediated by DNA end-joining","volume":"3","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22087","article-title":"Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis","volume":"58","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.09.005","article-title":"Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target?","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Gall, L., Anakor, E., Connolly, O., Vijayakumar, U.G., Duddy, W.J., and Duguez, S. (2020). Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Affected in ALS. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-020-00238-1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8048","article-title":"Senescence in Post-Mitotic Cells: A Driver of Aging?","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.005","article-title":"Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward","volume":"179","author":"Gorgoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13071","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13071","article-title":"Proteostasis failure and cellular senescence in long-term cultured postmitotic rat neurons","volume":"19","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sah, E., Krishnamurthy, S., Ahmidouch, M.Y., Gillispie, G.J., Milligan, C., and Orr, M.E. (2021). The Cellular Senescence Stress Response in Post-Mitotic Brain Cells: Cell Survival at the Expense of Tissue Degeneration. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030229"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4938","article-title":"New insights into the link between DNA damage and apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Cianfanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2351","article-title":"Regulation of DNA repair throughout the cell cycle","volume":"9","author":"Branzei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.8.2385","article-title":"The induction of multiple cell cycle events precedes target-related neuronal death","volume":"121","author":"Herrup","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.3.3752","article-title":"Cell cycle activation in postmitotic neurons is essential for DNA repair","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0869-0","article-title":"Effect of ionizing radiation in sensory ganglion neurons: Organization and dynamics of nuclear compartments of DNA damage\/repair and their relationship with transcription and cell cycle","volume":"122","author":"Casafont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.221","article-title":"Cyclin-C-dependent cell-cycle entry is required for activation of non-homologous end joining DNA repair in postmitotic neurons","volume":"17","author":"Tomashevski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9232","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3347-04.2004","article-title":"Divide and die: Cell cycle events as triggers of nerve cell death","volume":"24","author":"Herrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ippati, S., Deng, Y., van der Hoven, J., Heu, C., van Hummel, A., Chua, S.W., Paric, E., Chan, G., Feiten, A., and Fath, T. (2021). Rapid initiation of cell cycle reentry processes protects neurons from amyloid-beta toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011876118"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, A., and Drerup, C.M. (2019). Axonal Transport and Mitochondrial Function in Neurons. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00373"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12902","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial ROS in the aging brain","volume":"592","author":"Stefanatos","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6665.1","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.02.011","article-title":"Determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in vitro and in vivo","volume":"61","author":"Grootjans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.137","article-title":"Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: Recommendations of the NCCD 2015","volume":"22","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0164-5","article-title":"The molecular machinery of regulated cell death","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2017","article-title":"Neuronal cell death","volume":"98","author":"Fricker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"515","article-title":"Scale-free neurodegeneration: Cellular heterogeneity and the stretched exponential kinetics of cell death","volume":"233","author":"Clarke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80085-9","article-title":"Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: Requirement for dATP and cytochrome c","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1701s","article-title":"Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"59","author":"Horvitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/17135","article-title":"Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor","volume":"397","author":"Susin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00008-8","article-title":"Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition","volume":"102","author":"Du","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3228","article-title":"Apoptotic and non-apoptotic roles of caspases in neuronal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401161","article-title":"Degradation of chromosomal DNA during apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Nagata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913089107","article-title":"Caspase 3\/caspase-activated DNase promote cell differentiation by inducing DNA strand breaks","volume":"107","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-8-31","article-title":"PARP-1 cleavage fragments: Signatures of cell-death proteases in neurodegeneration","volume":"8","author":"Chaitanya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2922","article-title":"The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400736","article-title":"Neuronal life and death: An essential role for the p53 family","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.01.001","article-title":"Transcription, apoptosis and p53: Catch-22","volume":"21","author":"Schuler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of dealing with DNA damage in terminally differentiated cells","volume":"685","author":"Fortini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402084","article-title":"Essential postmitochondrial function of p53 uncovered in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in neurons","volume":"14","author":"Vaughn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200406073","article-title":"Decreased apoptosome activity with neuronal differentiation sets the threshold for strict IAP regulation of apoptosis","volume":"167","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1717","article-title":"Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation","volume":"290","author":"Klionsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1797280","article-title":"Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)(1)","volume":"17","author":"Klionsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00099-1","article-title":"Development by Self-Digestion: Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy","volume":"6","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.2.031","article-title":"Neuronal autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"44","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.093575","article-title":"Die another way--non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death","volume":"127","author":"Tait","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100818-125242","article-title":"Autophagy in neurons","volume":"35","author":"Stavoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2016.11.011","article-title":"Repair, reuse, recycle: The expanding role of autophagy in genome maintenance","volume":"27","author":"Hewitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00204","article-title":"DNA damage response and autophagy: A meaningful partnership","volume":"7","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16022641","article-title":"Autophagy in DNA damage response","volume":"16","author":"Czarny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09803","article-title":"HDACs link the DNA damage response, processing of double-strand breaks and autophagy","volume":"471","author":"Robert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.20519","article-title":"Autophagy acts as a safeguard mechanism against G-quadruplex ligand-mediated DNA damage","volume":"8","author":"Orlotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692958","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5692958","article-title":"Autophagy: A player in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage","volume":"2019","author":"Galati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, L.R., Menck, C.F.M., and Leandro, G.S. (2017). Autophagy roles in the modulation of DNA repair pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112351"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1730","article-title":"Regulation of autophagy by cytoplasmic p53","volume":"10","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0608-637","article-title":"p53: The janus of autophagy?","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.06.006","article-title":"The ripoptosome, a signaling platform that assembles in response to genotoxic stress and loss of IAPs","volume":"43","author":"Tenev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.003","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.04.026","article-title":"MLKL compromises plasma membrane integrity by binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates","volume":"7","author":"Dondelinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408987111","article-title":"Activation of the pseudokinase MLKL unleashes the four-helix bundle domain to induce membrane localization and necroptotic cell death","volume":"111","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.171","article-title":"Translocation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein to plasma membrane leads to necrotic cell death","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09852","article-title":"Catalytic activity of the caspase-8-FLIP(L) complex inhibits RIPK3-dependent necrosis","volume":"471","author":"Oberst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9145","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.427880","article-title":"Caspase inhibitors protect neurons by enabling selective necroptosis of inflamed microglia","volume":"288","author":"Fricker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e716","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.238","article-title":"Caspase blockade induces RIP3-mediated programmed necrosis in Toll-like receptor-activated microglia","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000224","article-title":"Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, contributes to early neural cells damage after spinal cord injury in adult mice","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1084","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.69","article-title":"Akt and mTOR mediate programmed necrosis in neurons","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.023","article-title":"NEMO and RIP1 control cell fate in response to extensive DNA damage via TNF-alpha feedforward signaling","volume":"145","author":"Biton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.09.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a potential drug target for neurodegeneration","volume":"1842","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics3020198","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)","volume":"3","author":"Canta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010716-105001","article-title":"Mitochondrial mechanisms of neuronal cell death: Potential therapeutics","volume":"57","author":"Dawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10963","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3461-04.2004","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing factor substitutes for caspase executioners in NMDA-triggered excitotoxic neuronal death","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606528103","article-title":"Apoptosis-inducing factor mediates poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer-induced cell death","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12416","article-title":"Parthanatos: Mitochondrial-linked mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"171","author":"Fatokun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2019.12.009","article-title":"Poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR)-dependent cell death in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"353","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606526103","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymer is a death signal","volume":"103","author":"Andrabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra20","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000902","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) binding to apoptosis-inducing factor is critical for PAR polymerase-1-dependent cell death (parthanatos)","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312783110","article-title":"ADP-ribosyl-acceptor hydrolase 3 regulates poly (ADP-ribose) degradation and cell death during oxidative stress","volume":"110","author":"Mashimo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1702","article-title":"A unified mixed-model method for association mapping that accounts for multiple levels of relatedness","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401919","article-title":"MIF expression in the rat brain: Implications for neuronal function","volume":"4","author":"Bacher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00147","article-title":"Profile of MIF in developing hippocampus: Association with cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth","volume":"13","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A regulated cell death nexus linking metabolism, redox biology, and disease","volume":"171","author":"Stockwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.010","article-title":"Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P.H., Tseng, W.H., and Chi, J.T. (2020). The Intersection of DNA damage response and ferroptosis-a rationale for combination therapeutics. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080187"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.01.021","article-title":"Ablation of ferroptosis regulator glutathione peroxidase 4 in forebrain neurons promotes cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Hambright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.05.095","article-title":"Involvement of ferroptosis in human motor neuron cell death","volume":"566","author":"Matsuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poltorack, C.D., and Dixon, S.J. (2021). Understanding the role of cysteine in ferroptosis: Progress & paradoxes. FEBS J.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15842"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2019.09.002","article-title":"Stem cell modeling of neuroferritinopathy reveals iron as a determinant of senescence and ferroptosis during neuronal aging","volume":"13","author":"Cozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005","article-title":"Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: Mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells","volume":"73","author":"Fink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45467","article-title":"Role of pyroptosis in traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29268","article-title":"Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and functions of inflammasomes in diseases","volume":"235","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2174-3","article-title":"AIM2 inflammasome surveillance of DNA damage shapes neurodevelopment","volume":"580","author":"Lammert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.091181","article-title":"Lysosomal cell death at a glance","volume":"126","author":"Aits","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.018","article-title":"A role for p53 in the beta-amyloid-mediated regulation of the lysosomal system","volume":"31","author":"Fogarty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05278.x","article-title":"A role for p53 in the regulation of lysosomal permeability by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rat cortical neurones: Implications for neurodegeneration","volume":"105","author":"Gowran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05349.x","article-title":"Lysosomal release of cathepsins causes ischemic damage in the rat hippocampal slice and depends on NMDA-mediated calcium influx, arachidonic acid metabolism, and free radical production","volume":"106","author":"Windelborn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.28286","article-title":"BAX channel activity mediates lysosomal disruption linked to Parkinson disease","volume":"10","author":"Bove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.05.019","article-title":"Calpain 1 induce lysosomal permeabilization by cleavage of lysosomal associated membrane protein 2","volume":"1833","author":"Torriglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1624","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.546","article-title":"DRAM1 regulates apoptosis through increasing protein levels and lysosomal localization of BAX","volume":"6","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.02.033","article-title":"Impairment of lysosome function and autophagy in rare neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"432","author":"Darios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045049","article-title":"Propagation of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"88","author":"Diamond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.071","article-title":"Inefficient DNA repair is an aging-related modifier of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Sepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524015666150303002556","article-title":"Impaired DNA damage repair as a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders","volume":"15","author":"Shiwaku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.102669","article-title":"DNA repair and neurological disease: From molecular understanding to the development of diagnostics and model organisms","volume":"81","author":"Abugable","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3039","article-title":"Ageing as a primary risk factor for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence from studies of non-human primates","volume":"12","author":"Collier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804615","article-title":"DNA damage, aging, and cancer","volume":"361","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0848-7","article-title":"Activation of the DNA damage response in vivo in synucleinopathy models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Milanese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.010","article-title":"DNA damage in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"776","author":"Migliore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03872-0","article-title":"DNA damage as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in ALS and a contributor to astrocyte toxicity","volume":"78","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-015-0648-x","article-title":"Involvement of inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory agents","volume":"38","author":"Shadfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00265","article-title":"Mechanisms of Pathogenic Tau and A\u03b2 protein spreading in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav9518","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9518","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2 oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer\u2019s disease via signaling to pericytes","volume":"365","author":"Nortley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav6278","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav6278","article-title":"Disrupted hippocampal growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1\u03b1 interaction with dopamine receptor D1 plays a role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Kapoor, A., Gu, Y., Chow, M.J., Peng, J., Zhao, K., and Tang, D. (2020). Contributions of DNA damage to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051666"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83872-z","article-title":"Defining early changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease from RNA sequencing of brain regions differentially affected by pathology","volume":"11","author":"Guennewig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14585","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"176","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14332","article-title":"Emerging roles of ER stress in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"285","author":"Gerakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS. J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12599","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis impairment in aging","volume":"16","author":"Vivar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S200490","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502150112","article-title":"Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by an archaeal presenilin homologue PSH","volume":"112","author":"Dang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1922-z","article-title":"Evidence of intraneuronal A\u03b2 accumulation preceding tau pathology in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"136","author":"Welikovitch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: Risk, mechanisms and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0723-5","article-title":"Early neuronal accumulation of DNA double strand breaks in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Shanbhag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16361-y","article-title":"HDAC1 modulates OGG1-initiated oxidative DNA damage repair in the aging brain and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Pao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.05.023","article-title":"Deficiency of the Mre11 DNA repair complex in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"128","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.009","article-title":"DNA end joining activity is reduced in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Shackelford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3460","article-title":"SIRT1 collaborates with ATM and HDAC1 to maintain genomic stability in neurons","volume":"16","author":"Dobbin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00627-5","article-title":"Aberrant Cdk5 activation by p25 triggers pathological events leading to neurodegeneration and neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"40","author":"Cruz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12541","article-title":"DNA polymerase \u03b2 decrement triggers death of olfactory bulb cells and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Misiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3356","article-title":"Physiologic brain activity causes DNA double-strand breaks in neurons, with exacerbation by amyloid-\u03b2","volume":"16","author":"Suberbielle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12444","article-title":"Nucleic acid oxidation: An early feature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Timmons","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71052034.x","article-title":"Increased nuclear DNA oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Gabbita","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.04.005","article-title":"Genome instability in Alzheimer disease","volume":"161","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0718-6","article-title":"Somatic APP gene recombination in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and normal neurons","volume":"563","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01710.1996","article-title":"DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Colocalization with c-Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effect of postmortem delay","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4736-04.2005","article-title":"Beta-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis involves c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent downregulation of Bcl-w","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199305000-00015","article-title":"Apoptosis mediated neurotoxicity induced by chronic application of beta amyloid fragment 25-35","volume":"4","author":"Forloni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21569","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001676RR","article-title":"Subtle genomic DNA damage induces intraneuronal production of amyloid-\u03b2 (1-42) by increasing \u03b2-secretase activity","volume":"35","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02335-5","article-title":"Decreased base excision repair and increased helicase activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain","volume":"855","author":"Lovell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm605","article-title":"Defective DNA base excision repair in brain from individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Weissman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.6.1397","article-title":"Neonatal lethality with abnormal neurogenesis in mice deficient in DNA polymerase beta","volume":"19","author":"Sugo","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.004","article-title":"Base excision DNA repair levels in mitochondrial lysates of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Canugovi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm189","article-title":"Identification and characterization of OGG1 mutations in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22387","article-title":"Impaired neurogenesis is an early event in the etiology of familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease in transgenic mice","volume":"88","author":"Demars","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"2149812","article-title":"Oxidative DNA Damage Signalling in Neural Stem Cells in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Falk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okun, E., Marton, D., Cohen, D., Griffioen, K., Kanfi, Y., Illouz, T., Madar, R., and Cohen, H.Y. (2017). Sirt6 alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179681"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.008","article-title":"Neuroprotective Functions for the Histone Deacetylase SIRT6","volume":"18","author":"Kaluski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.107714","article-title":"Bmi1 regulates murine intestinal stem cell proliferation and self-renewal downstream of Notch","volume":"142","author":"Rodilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202737","article-title":"Tissue-specific alternative splicing in the human INK4a\/ARF cell cycle regulatory locus","volume":"18","author":"Robertson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201003034","article-title":"BMI1-mediated histone ubiquitylation promotes DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"191","author":"Ismail","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5043396","article-title":"A Novel Aspect of Tumorigenesis-BMI1 Functions in Regulating DNA Damage Response","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37444-3","article-title":"Heterochromatic genome instability and neurodegeneration sharing similarities with Alzheimer\u2019s disease in old Bmi1+\/\u2212 mice","volume":"9","author":"Chatoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.097","article-title":"Modeling Late-Onset Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease through BMI1 Deficiency","volume":"23","author":"Flamier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2014.03.014","article-title":"DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice and cancer","volume":"19","author":"Aparicio","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.07.009","article-title":"Repair pathway choices and consequences at the double-strand break","volume":"26","author":"Ceccaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170830","article-title":"Overactive BRCA1 affects presenilin 1 in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Wezyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzayans, R., and Murray, D. (2020). Do TUNEL and other apoptosis assays detect cell death in preclinical studies?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239090"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00384-3","article-title":"Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis","volume":"45","author":"Saraste","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2000_4003","article-title":"Effect of amyloid beta peptide on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in adult and aged rat hippocampus","volume":"47","author":"Strosznajder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.2.247","article-title":"Increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"122","author":"Love","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8258-9","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in amyloid beta toxicity and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Strosznajder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718819115","article-title":"NAD+ supplementation normalizes key Alzheimer\u2019s features and DNA damage responses in a new AD mouse model with introduced DNA repair deficiency","volume":"115","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8987928","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8987928","article-title":"Nucleolar PARP-1 expression is decreased in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Consequences for epigenetic regulation of rDNA and cognition","volume":"2016","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural. Plast."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.907889","article-title":"NAD attenuates oxidative DNA damages induced by amyloid beta-peptide in primary rat cortical neurons","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.11.007","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 hyperactivation in neurodegenerative diseases: The death knell tolls for neurons","volume":"63","author":"Narne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2015.04.001","article-title":"PARP-1 involvement in neurodegeneration: A focus on Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"146-148","author":"Martire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.24","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing and imaging genetics identify functional variants for rate of change in hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"18","author":"Nho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383258","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4383258","article-title":"Evidence for decreased nucleolar PARP-1 as an early marker of cognitive impairment","volume":"2019","author":"Regier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural. Plast."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39550","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603950200","article-title":"p53 mediates nontranscriptional cell death in dopaminergic cells in response to proteasome inhibition","volume":"281","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6301","article-title":"Changes of p53 in the brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"232","author":"Kitamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02979-6","article-title":"Immunocytochemical study on the distribution of p53 in the hippocampus and cerebellum of the aged rat","volume":"885","author":"Chung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06485.x","article-title":"Inhibiting p53 pathways in microglia attenuates microglial-evoked neurotoxicity following exposure to Alzheimer peptides","volume":"112","author":"Davenport","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01012-6","article-title":"P53 aggregation, interactions with tau, and impaired DNA damage response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Farmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200110119","article-title":"Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid beta peptide1-42 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0342-0","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of antidepressants via upregulation of neurotrophic factors in the MPTP model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Shadfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn983","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dopamine, vesicles and \u03b1-synuclein","volume":"3","author":"Lotharius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"504","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and its management: Part 1: Disease Entity, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"DeMaagd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105120","article-title":"Metformin attenuates rotenone-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage via the AKT\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"148","author":"Katila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.12.002","article-title":"Enhanced dopaminergic neurotoxicity mediated by MPTP in IL-32\u03b2 transgenic mice","volume":"102","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0329-1","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein structure and Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014Lessons and emerging principles","volume":"14","author":"Meade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.615461","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Prasuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2018.07.002","article-title":"Enhanced neuroinflammatory responses after systemic LPS injection in IL-32\u03b2 transgenic mice","volume":"94","author":"Neupane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-015-0042-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its potential as therapeutic target","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12344","article-title":"Lewy bodies and the mechanisms of neuronal cell death in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"27","author":"Power","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612476","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.612476","article-title":"PARK genes link mitochondrial dysfunction and alpha-synuclein pathology in sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24592","article-title":"DNA damage and repair in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Recent advances and new opportunities","volume":"99","author":"Sanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.5398","article-title":"Damage in mitochondrial DNA associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Lurette","year":"2020","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S158513","article-title":"Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases","volume":"13","author":"Liguori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.008","article-title":"DNA damage preceding dopamine neuron degeneration in A53T human \u03b1-synuclein transgenic mice","volume":"481","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440712","article-title":"Understanding cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Jenner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.005","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrative protein modifications in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Danielson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11725.1","article-title":"Current concepts and controversies in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"6","author":"Weil","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.01.004","article-title":"Ferroptosis and cell death mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"104","author":"Guiney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.05.011","article-title":"Ferroptosis, a newly characterized form of cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease that is regulated by PKC","volume":"94","author":"Gouel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00173.x","article-title":"Integrin signaling via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway increases neuronal resistance to glutamate-induced apoptosis","volume":"76","author":"Gary","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12535","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1920-10.2010","article-title":"Pathogenic lysosomal depletion in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Dehay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_240","first-page":"80","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein Alters Toll-Like Receptor Expression","volume":"5","author":"Twomey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.1089","article-title":"Does neuronal loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease involve programmed cell death?","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040556597","article-title":"Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9519","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09519.2001","article-title":"Caspase-9 activation results in downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Viswanath","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatton, W.G., Chalmers-Redman, R.M., Elstner, M., Leesch, W., Jagodzinski, F.B., Stupak, D.P., Sugrue, M.M., and Tatton, N.A. (2000). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurodegeneration and apoptosis signaling. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl., 77\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6301-6_5"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210074","article-title":"GAPDH, a novel regulator of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial membrane permeabilization","volume":"26","author":"Tarze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01418-5","article-title":"Aggregates from mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein proteins and NAC peptide induce apoptotic cell death in human neuroblastoma cells by formation of beta-sheet and amyloid-like filaments","volume":"440","author":"Jakes","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47227-z","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein is a DNA binding protein that modulates DNA repair with implications for Lewy body disorders","volume":"9","author":"Schaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1769","article-title":"High levels of mitochondrial DNA deletions in substantia nigra neurons in aging and Parkinson disease","volume":"38","author":"Bender","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.514","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress","volume":"94","author":"Yakes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669379","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.669379","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Response to DNA Damage","volume":"9","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13843","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808515200","article-title":"Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission","volume":"284","author":"Dagda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400417","article-title":"Origin and functional consequences of the complex I defect in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1778","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and cause functional impairment in aged human substantia nigra neurons","volume":"38","author":"Kraytsberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00545-3","article-title":"In situ detection of apoptotic nuclei in the substantia nigra compacta of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labelling and acridine orange staining","volume":"77","author":"Tatton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65031411.x","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation: An early indicator of neurotoxic DNA damage","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5774","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation mediates 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism","volume":"96","author":"Mandir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07998.x","article-title":"Implication of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in neurodegeneration and brain energy metabolism. Decreases in mouse brain NAD+ and ATP caused by MPTP are prevented by the PARP inhibitor benzamide","volume":"890","author":"Cosi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.163","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 reduces alpha-synuclein- and MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in Parkinson\u2019s disease in vitro models","volume":"357","author":"Outeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"264","article-title":"Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors protect against MPTP-induced depletions of striatal dopamine and cortical noradrenaline in C57B1\/6 mice","volume":"729","author":"Cosi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3500","article-title":"Parthanatos mediates AIMP2-activated age-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0091","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax0091","article-title":"Amyloid-like oligomerization of AIMP2 contributes to \u03b1-synuclein interaction and Lewy-like inclusion","volume":"12","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.015","article-title":"Inhibition of poly(ADP-RIBOSE) polymerase (PARP) by nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxide species","volume":"35","author":"Sidorkina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3439-14.2015","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease iron deposition caused by nitric oxide-induced loss of \u03b2-amyloid precursor protein","volume":"35","author":"Ayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00578-1","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Hunot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.12.003","article-title":"p53 protein, interferon-gamma, and NF-kappaB levels are elevated in the parkinsonian brain","volume":"414","author":"Mogi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M509509200","article-title":"Regulation of p53 by activated protein kinase C-delta during nitric oxide-induced dopaminergic cell death","volume":"281","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1981","article-title":"Transcriptional repression of p53 by parkin and impairment by mutations associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Sunyach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-2","article-title":"6-OHDA generated ROS induces DNA damage and p53- and PUMA-dependent cell death","volume":"6","author":"Bernstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.28","article-title":"PUMA- and Bax-induced autophagy contributes to apoptosis","volume":"16","author":"Yee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000329999","article-title":"Role of p53 in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00532","article-title":"Motor neuron susceptibility in ALS\/FTD","volume":"13","author":"Ragagnin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801109115","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to accumulation of wild-type SOD1 aggregates associated with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Medinas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97928-7","article-title":"Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is developmentally regulated","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemerkov\u00e1, P., and Vali\u0161, M. (2021). Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Antioxidant metalloenzymes and therapeutic strategies. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030437"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01964-7","article-title":"Disrupted neuronal trafficking in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"137","author":"Burk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaa056","article-title":"Expression of mutant ubiquitin and proteostasis impairment in kii amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\/parkinsonism-dementia complex brains","volume":"79","author":"Verheijen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.09.019","article-title":"Excitotoxicity in ALS: Overstimulation, or overreaction?","volume":"275","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00386-4","article-title":"Impaired NHEJ repair in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with TDP-43 mutations","volume":"15","author":"Konopka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05049-z","article-title":"Abnormal RNA stability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Tank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00025","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of TDP-43 misfolding and pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00397-1","article-title":"The role of TDP-43 mislocalization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Suk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01998-x","article-title":"FUS pathology in ALS is linked to alterations in multiple ALS-associated proteins and rescued by drugs stimulating autophagy","volume":"138","author":"Marrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01310","article-title":"ALS genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutics: Where are we now?","volume":"13","author":"Mejzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0047-2","article-title":"C9orf72-mediated ALS and FTD: Multiple pathways to disease","volume":"14","author":"Balendra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00365-9","article-title":"Dipeptide repeat proteins inhibit homology-directed DNA double strand break repair in C9ORF72 ALS\/FTD","volume":"15","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20200002","article-title":"The role of DNA damage response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06111-6","article-title":"Mutant FUS causes DNA ligation defects to inhibit oxidative damage repair in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz062","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated TDP-43 mutation Q331K prevents nuclear translocation of XRCC4-DNA ligase 4 complex and is linked to genome damage-mediated neuronal apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Guerrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29515","DOI":"10.4161\/rdis.29515","article-title":"FUS-regulated RNA metabolism and DNA damage repair: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3514","article-title":"Interaction of FUS and HDAC1 regulates DNA damage response and repair in neurons","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72723","article-title":"ALS-associated mutation FUS-R521C causes DNA damage and RNA splicing defects","volume":"124","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7802","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0172-14.2014","article-title":"FUS is phosphorylated by DNA-PK and accumulates in the cytoplasm after DNA damage","volume":"34","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081135","article-title":"Identification and characterization of FUS\/TLS as a new target of ATM","volume":"415","author":"Gardiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopka, A., and Atkin, J.D. (2018). The Emerging Role of DNA Damage in the pathogenesis of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103137"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4604","article-title":"C9orf72 expansion disrupts ATM-mediated chromosomal break repair","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx170","article-title":"The DNA damage response (DDR) is induced by the C9orf72 repeat expansion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Farg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.09.015","article-title":"Poly(GR) in C9ORF72-Related ALS\/FTD compromises mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress and DNA Damage in iPSC-derived motor neurons","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69052064.x","article-title":"Evidence of increased oxidative damage in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Ferrante","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199704140-00004","article-title":"Evidence of reduced DNA repair in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain tissue","volume":"8","author":"Kisby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-001-0480-x","article-title":"Impairment of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes against accumulation of 8-oxo-guanine in the spinal motor neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-002-0038-7","article-title":"DNA base-excision repair enzyme apurinic\/apyrimidinic endonuclease\/redox factor-1 is increased and competent in the brain and spinal cord of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Shaikh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromolecular. Med."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/421054","article-title":"DNA\/RNA helicase gene mutations in a form of juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS4)","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199801260-00012","article-title":"Mutant AP endonuclease in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Olkowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penndorf, D., Tadi\u0107, V., Witte, O.W., Grosskreutz, J., and Kretz, A. (2017). DNA strand breaks and TDP-43 mislocation are absent in the murine hSOD1G93A model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in vivo and in vitro. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183684"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.06.005","article-title":"NEK1 loss-of-function mutation induces DNA damage accumulation in ALS patient-derived motoneurons","volume":"30","author":"Higelin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101491","article-title":"An Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-associated mutant of C21ORF2 Is stabilized by NEK1-mediated Hyperphosphorylation and the inability to bind FBXO3","volume":"23","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.4.14814","article-title":"Nek1 kinase functions in DNA damage response and checkpoint control through a pathway independent of ATM and ATR","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.20.6815","article-title":"Never-in-mitosis related kinase 1 functions in DNA damage response and checkpoint control","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92369-8","article-title":"Overexpression of ferroptosis defense enzyme Gpx4 retards motor neuron disease of SOD1G93A mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.025","article-title":"Necroptosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological disorders","volume":"1863","author":"Morrice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.02.057","article-title":"Early decrease of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes in spinal motor neurons of presymptomatic transgenic mice carrying a mutant SOD1 gene","volume":"1150","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21160","article-title":"Motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant superoxide dismutase-1 transgenic mice: Mechanisms of mitochondriopathy and cell death","volume":"500","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/853474","article-title":"An overview of DNA repair in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0715-9","article-title":"Age-related motor neuron degeneration in DNA repair-deficient Ercc1 mice","volume":"120","author":"Comley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1460-x","article-title":"Functional recovery in new mouse models of ALS\/FTLD after clearance of pathological cytoplasmic TDP-43","volume":"130","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13171","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.197483","article-title":"TDP-43-induced death is associated with altered regulation of BIM and Bcl-xL and attenuated by caspase-mediated TDP-43 cleavage","volume":"286","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44867","article-title":"Dysregulation of the ALS-associated gene TDP-43 leads to neuronal death and degeneration in mice","volume":"121","author":"Igaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2018.12.005","article-title":"Spy1, a unique cell cycle regulator, alters viability in ALS motor neurons and cell lines in response to mutant SOD1-induced DNA damage","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818415116","article-title":"Motor neuron disease-associated loss of nuclear TDP-43 is linked to DNA double-strand break repair defects","volume":"116","author":"Mitra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.033","article-title":"Converging mechanisms in ALS and FTD: Disrupted RNA and protein homeostasis","volume":"79","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8990","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv814","article-title":"TDP-43 affects splicing profiles and isoform production of genes involved in the apoptotic and mitotic cellular pathways","volume":"43","author":"Akinyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Box, J.K., Paquet, N., Adams, M.N., Boucher, D., Bolderson, E., O\u2019Byrne, K.J., and Richard, D.J. (2016). Nucleophosmin: From structure and function to disease development. BMC Mol. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12867-016-0073-9"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.01.010","article-title":"Knocking out C9ORF72 exacerbates axonal trafficking defects associated with hexanucleotide repeat expansion and reduces levels of heat shock proteins","volume":"14","author":"Kalmbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.01.011","article-title":"Increased SOD1 association with chromatin, DNA damage, p53 activation, and apoptosis in a cellular model of SOD1-linked ALS","volume":"1802","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2007.18.2.115","article-title":"Transgenic mice with human mutant genes causing Parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis provide common insight into mechanisms of motor neuron selective vulnerability to degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000226","article-title":"Exercise as gene therapy: BDNF and DNA damage repair","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.D., Wu, C.L., Hwang, W.C., and Yang, D.I. (2017). More Insight into BDNF against Neurodegeneration: Anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and suppression of autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030545"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00341-5","article-title":"Cyclic guanosine 5\u2019 monophosphate (GMP) prevents expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and apoptosis in motor neurons deprived of trophic factors in rats","volume":"326","author":"Kamaid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03708.1998","article-title":"Nitric oxide-dependent production of cGMP supports the survival of rat embryonic motor neurons cultured with brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"18","author":"Spear","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2017","article-title":"53BP1-dependent robust localized KAP-1 phosphorylation is essential for heterochromatic DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"12","author":"Noon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alagoz, M., Chiang, S.C., Sharma, A., and El-Khamisy, S.F. (2013). ATM deficiency results in accumulation of DNA-topoisomerase I covalent intermediates in neural cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058239"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04254.x","article-title":"Constitutive expression and cytoplasmic compartmentalization of ATM protein in differentiated human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"100","author":"Boehrs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103291.04985.DC","article-title":"Widespread increased expression of the DNA repair enzyme PARP in brain in ALS","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000102","article-title":"Poly-A binding protein-1 localization to a subset of TDP-43 inclusions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis occurs more frequently in patients harboring an expansion in C9orf72","volume":"73","author":"McGurk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0586-1","article-title":"Nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) activity is a therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"McGurk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.07.044","article-title":"AIF translocates to the nucleus in the spinal motor neurons in a mouse model of ALS","volume":"406","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.1.88","article-title":"PARP expression is increased in astrocytes but decreased in motor neurons in the spinal cord of sporadic ALS patients","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.12.007","article-title":"Overexpression of nuclear FUS induces neuronal cell death","volume":"287","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24731","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.497974","article-title":"The RNA-binding protein fused in sarcoma (FUS) functions downstream of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in response to DNA damage","volume":"288","author":"Mastrocola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0314","article-title":"p53 is abnormally elevated and active in the CNS of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.025","article-title":"p53 is a central regulator driving neurodegeneration caused by C9orf72 poly(PR)","volume":"184","author":"Shipony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2000.0295","article-title":"Alteration of the Bcl-x\/Bax ratio in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Evidence for the implication of the p53 signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317739818","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: Latest evidence and clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639078","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.639078","article-title":"Moving toward patient-tailored treatment in ALS and FTD: The potential of genomic assessment as a tool for biological discovery and trial recruitment","volume":"15","author":"Broce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0022-7","article-title":"Disruption of ER\u2212mitochondria signalling in fronto-temporal dementia and related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.786076","article-title":"Mitochondria dysfunction in Frontotemporal Dementia\/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lessons from drosophila models","volume":"15","author":"Anoar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palluzzi, F., Ferrari, R., Graziano, F., Novelli, V., Rossi, G., Galimberti, D., Rainero, I., Benussi, L., Nacmias, B., and Bruni, A.C. (2017). A novel network analysis approach reveals DNA damage, oxidative stress and calcium\/cAMP homeostasis-associated biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185797"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7741","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0908-18.2018","article-title":"C9orf72 Dipeptide repeats cause selective neurodegeneration and Cell-autonomous excitotoxicity in drosophila glutamatergic neurons","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00042","article-title":"The Overlapping genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"14","author":"Abramzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7340","article-title":"DNA Damage and activated caspase-3 expression in neurons and astrocytes: Evidence for apoptosis in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"163","author":"Su","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00196","article-title":"Spotlight on ferroptosis: Iron-dependent cell death in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05017","article-title":"Null mutations in progranulin cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17q21","volume":"442","author":"Cruts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325058.10218.fc","article-title":"Low plasma progranulin levels predict progranulin mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"71","author":"Ghidoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.92","article-title":"Progranulin promotes Temozolomide resistance of glioblastoma by orchestrating DNA repair and tumor stemness","volume":"34","author":"Bandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100650108","article-title":"A neurodegenerative disease mutation that accelerates the clearance of apoptotic cells","volume":"108","author":"Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-5-41","article-title":"Progranulin modulates zebrafish motoneuron development in vivoand rescues truncation defects associated with knockdown of Survival motor neuron 1","volume":"5","author":"Chitramuthu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065057","article-title":"Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0389-4","article-title":"Huntington disease: New insights into molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.6.633","article-title":"Early phenotypes that presage late-onset neurodegenerative disease allow testing of modifiers in Hdh CAG knock-in mice","volume":"11","author":"Wheeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2006.00668.x","article-title":"Predictive testing for Huntington disease: Interpretation and significance of intermediate alleles","volume":"70","author":"Semaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00020","article-title":"Protein misfolding and ER stress in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Shacham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71779-1_3","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"1049","author":"Carmo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-160205","article-title":"Oxidative stress and Huntington\u2019s Disease: The good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2009.01.005","article-title":"Huntingtin as an essential integrator of intracellular vesicular trafficking","volume":"19","author":"Caviston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00689.x","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage to DNA in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"79","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00768-7","article-title":"DNA Damage repair in Huntington\u2019s Disease and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Maiuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-200414","article-title":"DNA Repair in Huntington\u2019s disease and spinocerebellar ataxias: Somatic instability and alternative hypotheses","volume":"10","author":"Maiuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26944","article-title":"Overcoming the divide between ataxias and spastic paraplegias: Shared phenotypes, genes, and pathways","volume":"32","author":"Synofzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds337","article-title":"Neil1 is a genetic modifier of somatic and germline CAG trinucleotide repeat instability in R6\/1 mice","volume":"21","author":"Rowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/70598","article-title":"Msh2 deficiency prevents in vivo somatic instability of the CAG repeat in Huntington disease transgenic mice","volume":"23","author":"Manley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm031930","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031930","article-title":"The central role of DNA damage and repair in CAG repeat diseases","volume":"11","author":"Massey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis Model. Mech"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq313","article-title":"Expression of Huntington\u2019s disease protein results in apoptotic neurons in the brains of cloned transgenic pigs","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.112","article-title":"Neurodegenerative processes in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Bano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3125","article-title":"Huntingtin facilitates selective autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Gelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0420-1","article-title":"A novel form of necrosis, TRIAD, occurs in human Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Yamanishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.06.005","article-title":"p53 mediates cellular dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Bae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.04.011","article-title":"Susceptibility of striatal neurons to excitotoxic injury correlates with basal levels of Bcl-2 and the induction of P53 and c-Myc immunoreactivity","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100110097","article-title":"The Huntington\u2019s disease protein interacts with p53 and CREB-binding protein and represses transcription","volume":"97","author":"Steffan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21881","article-title":"DNA breakage and induction of DNA damage response proteins precede the appearance of visible mutant huntingtin aggregates","volume":"87","author":"Illuzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0124-15.2016","article-title":"Neurons in vulnerable regions of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain display reduced ATM signaling","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8897","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9897","article-title":"DNA repair factor BRCA1 depletion occurs in Alzheimer brains and impairs cognitive function in mice","volume":"6","author":"Suberbielle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00322-1","article-title":"Late degeneration of nigro-striatal neurons in ATM-\/- mice","volume":"121","author":"Eilam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901313116","article-title":"Partial inhibition of the overactivated Ku80-dependent DNA repair pathway rescues neurodegeneration in C9ORF72-ALS\/FTD","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt167","article-title":"DNA-dependent protein kinase and DNA repair: Relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kanungo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-19-0474","article-title":"Synergism between ATM and PARP1 inhibition involves DNA damage and abrogating the G(2) DNA damage checkpoint","volume":"19","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nor016","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 inhibition enhances repair of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated hippocampal neurons","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161221","article-title":"The DNA Damage response in neurons: Die by apoptosis or survive in a senescence-like state?","volume":"60","author":"Fielder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.556","article-title":"Various modes of cell death induced by DNA damage","volume":"32","author":"Surova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/5\/2484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:26:30Z","timestamp":1760135190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/5\/2484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":388,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23052484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23052484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}