{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:09:34Z","timestamp":1789348174879,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&amp;D Outcomes","award":["COMPA-2019K000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPA-2019K000027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne is a common inflammatory disorder of the human skin and a multifactorial disease caused by the sebaceous gland and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of micro-current stimulation (MC) on peptidoglycan (PGN)-treated raw 264.7 macrophages and P. acnes-induced skin inflammation. To specify the intensity with anti-inflammatory effects, nitric oxide (NO) production was compared according to various levels of MC. As the lowest NO production was shown at an intensity of 50 \u03bcA, subsequent experiments used this intensity. The changes of expression of the proteins related to TLR2\/NF-\u03baB signaling were examined by immunoblotting. Also, immunofluorescence analysis was performed for observing NF-\u03baB p65 localization. All of the expression levels of proteins regarding TLR2\/NF\u2212\u03baB signaling were decreased by the application of MC. Moreover, the application of MC to PGN\u2212treated raw 264.7 cells showed a significant decrease in the amount of nuclear p65\u2212protein. In the case of animal models with P. acnes\u2212induced skin inflammation, various pro\u2212inflammatory cytokines and mediators significantly decreased in MC\u2212applied mice. In particular, the concentration of IL\u22121\u03b2 in serum decreased, and the area of acne lesions, decreased from the histological analysis. We suggest for the first time that MC can be a novel treatment for acne.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"2508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Micro-Current Stimulation Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Peptidoglycan-Treated Raw 264.7 Macrophages and Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation via TLR2\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0481-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1443-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungkwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELLOGIN Inc., Wonju 26354, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tack-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12159","article-title":"What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in acne vulgaris?","volume":"22","author":"Harder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. 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