{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:55:47Z","timestamp":1792133747538,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondecyt 1220999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt 1220999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondecyt 11190073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt 11190073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Senescent cells express a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) with a pro-inflammatory bias, which contributes to the chronicity of inflammation. During chronic inflammatory diseases, infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes can undergo cellular senescence and arrest the surface expression of CD28, have a response biased towards T-helper type-17 (Th17) of immunity, and show a remarkable ability to induce osteoclastogenesis. As a cellular counterpart, T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs) can also undergo cellular senescence, and CD28\u2212 Tregs are able to express an SASP secretome, thus severely altering their immunosuppressive capacities. During periodontitis, the persistent microbial challenge and chronic inflammation favor the induction of cellular senescence. Therefore, senescence of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes could contribute to Th17\/Treg imbalance and favor the tooth-supporting alveolar bone loss characteristic of the disease. In the present review, we describe the concept of cellular senescence; particularly, the one produced during chronic inflammation and persistent microbial antigen challenge. In addition, we detail the different markers used to identify senescent cells, proposing those specific to senescent T lymphocytes that can be used for periodontal research purposes. Finally, we discuss the existing literature that allows us to suggest the potential pathogenic role of senescent CD4+CD28\u2212 T lymphocytes in periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T10:00:40Z","timestamp":1645783240000},"page":"2543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Senescent CD4+CD28\u2212 T Lymphocytes as a Potential Driver of Th17\/Treg Imbalance and Alveolar Bone Resorption during Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Osuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Sierra-Cristancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio A.","family":"Cafferata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta","family":"Melgar-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1887-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando","family":"Vernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515625962","article-title":"Effect of aging on periodontal inflammation, microbial colonization, and disease susceptibility","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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