{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:22:29Z","timestamp":1787588549059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":294,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["RO1EY029795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1EY029795"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules released from the extracellular and intracellular space of damaged tissue or dead cells. Recent evidence indicates that DAMPs are associated with the sterile inflammation caused by aging, increased ocular pressure, high glucose, oxidative stress, ischemia, mechanical trauma, stress, or environmental conditions, in retinal diseases. DAMPs activate the innate immune system, suggesting their role to be protective, but may promote pathological inflammation and angiogenesis in response to the chronic insult or injury. DAMPs are recognized by specialized innate immune receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptor family (NLRs), and purine receptor 7 (P2X7), in systemic diseases. However, studies describing the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders are meager. Here, we extensively reviewed the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders, including endophthalmitis, uveitis, glaucoma, ocular cancer, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and inherited retinal disorders. Finally, we discussed DAMPs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and therapeutic agents for retinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"2591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Retinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Binapani","family":"Mahaling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shermaine W. Y.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simrah","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2216-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baseer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam S.","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e27","article-title":"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306164","article-title":"DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: All we need to know about danger","volume":"81","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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