{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:53:03Z","timestamp":1790758383516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003712","name":"Korea Food Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0210600-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0210600-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A6A1A03044501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03044501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea","award":["NIBR202118101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIBR202118101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both intrinsic (i.e., an individual\u2019s body clock) and extrinsic factors (i.e., air pollutants and ultraviolet irradiation) accelerate premature aging. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between pollutant levels and aging skin symptoms. Diesel particle matter in particular leads to some diseases, including in the skin. Our recent study demonstrates that diesel particulate extract (DPE) increases apoptosis via increases in an anti-mitogenic\/pro-apoptotic lipid mediator, ceramide in epidermal keratinocytes. Here, we investigated whether and how DPE accelerates premature skin aging using cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). We first demonstrated that DPE increases cell senescence marker \u03b2-galactosidase activity in HDF. We then found increases in mRNA and protein levels, along with activity of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and MMP-3, which are associated with skin aging following DPE exposure. We confirmed increases in collagen degradation in HDF treated with DPE. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is activated by DPE and results in increased ceramide production by sphingomyelinase activation in HDF. We identified that ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) (produced from ceramide by ceramide kinase activation) activates MMP-1 and MMP-3 through activation of arachidonate cascade, followed by STAT 1- and STAT 3-dependent transcriptional activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"2691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Diesel Particulate Extract Accelerates Premature Skin Aging in Human Fibroblasts via Ceramide-1-Phosphate-Mediated Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kyong-Oh","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine & Pharmaceutics, Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"},{"name":"LaSS Lipid Institute (LLI), LaSS Inc., Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine & Pharmaceutics, Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine & Pharmaceutics, Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15583","article-title":"The impact of airborne pollution on skin","volume":"33","author":"Araviiskaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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