{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:51:56Z","timestamp":1791600716856,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Type 2 diabetes\u2013associated metabolic traits such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity are well-known risk factors for breast cancer. The insulin sensitizer metformin, one of the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs, has been suggested to function as an antitumoral agent, based on epidemiological and retrospective clinical data as well as preclinical studies showing an antiproliferative effect in cultured breast cancer cells and animal models. These benefits provided a strong rationale to study the effects of metformin in routine clinical care of breast cancer patients. However, the initial enthusiasm was tempered after disappointing results in randomized controlled trials, particularly in the metastatic setting. Here, we revisit the current state of the art of metformin mechanisms of action, critically review past and current metformin-based clinical trials, and briefly discuss future perspectives on how to incorporate metformin into the oncologist\u2019s armamentarium for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"2705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["RETRACTED: Metformin and Breast Cancer: Where Are We Now?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-0765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Cejuela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)\u2013L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Martin-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)\u2013Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Menendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)\u2013Girona, Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Pernas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)\u2013L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Breast Cancer Group, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge\u2013IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Breast Cancer (2022, January 29). 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