{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:40:27Z","timestamp":1787895627878,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["375213500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["375213500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid progression in biomaterial nanotechnology apprehends the potential of non-toxic and potent polysaccharide delivery modules to overcome oral chemotherapeutic challenges. The present study is aimed to design, fabricate and characterize polysaccharide nanoparticles for methotrexate (MTX) delivery. The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Abelmoschus esculentus mucilage (AEM) and chitosan (CS) by the modified coacervation method, followed by ultra-sonification. The NPs showed much better pharmaceutical properties with a spherical shape and smooth surface of 213.4\u2013254.2 nm with PDI ranging between 0.279\u20130.485 size with entrapment efficiency varying from 42.08 \u00b1 1.2 to 72.23 \u00b1 2.0. The results revealed NPs to possess positive zeta potential and a low polydispersity index (PDI). The in-vitro drug release showed a sustained release of the drug up to 32 h with pH-dependence. Blank AEM -CS NPs showed no in-vivo toxicity for a time duration of 14 days, accompanied by high cytotoxic effects of optimized MTX loaded NPs against MCF-7 and MD-MBA231 cells by MTT assay. In conclusion, the findings advocated the therapeutic potential of AEM\/CS NPs as an efficacious tool, offering a new perspective for pH-responsive routing of anticancer drugs with tumor cells as a target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1646122623000},"page":"2725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["pH Responsive Abelmoschus esculentus Mucilage and Administration of Methotrexate: In-Vitro Antitumor and In-Vivo Toxicity Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0815-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobia","family":"Noreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sargodha Campus, The University of Lahore, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia Akram","family":"Ghumman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Nasir Abbas","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huma","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRSET, EHSEP, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afeefa","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mervat Abdelaziz Mohamed","family":"Elsherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 42421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Noureen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6185-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.050","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for targeting the tumor microenvironment","volume":"219","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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