{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:45:08Z","timestamp":1790538308840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rokit Healthcare Inc","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cartilage lesions are difficult to repair due to low vascular distribution and may progress into osteoarthritis. Despite numerous attempts in the past, there is no proven method to regenerate hyaline cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability to use a 3D printed biomatrix to repair a critical size femoral chondral defect using a canine weight-bearing model. The biomatrix was comprised of human costal-derived cartilage powder, micronized adipose tissue, and fibrin glue. Bilateral femoral condyle defects were treated on 12 mature beagles staged 12 weeks apart. Four groups, one control and three experimental, were used. Animals were euthanized at 32 weeks to collect samples. Significant differences between control and experimental groups were found in both regeneration pattern and tissue composition. In results, we observed that the experimental group with the treatment with cartilage powder and adipose tissue alleviated the inflammatory response. Moreover, it was found that the MOCART score was higher, and cartilage repair was more organized than in the other groups, suggesting that a combination of cartilage powder and adipose tissue has the potential to repair cartilage with a similarity to normal cartilage. Microscopically, there was a well-defined cartilage-like structure in which the mid junction below the surface layer was surrounded by a matrix composed of collagen type I, II, and proteoglycans. MRI examination revealed significant reduction of the inflammation level and progression of a cartilage-like growth in the experimental group. This canine study suggests a promising new surgical treatment for cartilage lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T21:25:14Z","timestamp":1646169914000},"page":"2743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Human Cartilage Powder Combined with Micronized Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues for the Repair of Osteochondral Defects in Beagle Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jina","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ROKIT Healthcare Inc., Seoul 08514, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Brittberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cartilage Research Unit, Joint Restoration Center, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Region Halland Orthopaedics, Kungsbaka Hospital, 43440 Kungsbacka, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bomi","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ROKIT Healthcare Inc., Seoul 08514, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyeong","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ROKIT Healthcare Inc., Seoul 08514, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ROKIT Healthcare Inc., Seoul 08514, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yhan","family":"Colon Iban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0341-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Magneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 18288 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eiji","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Bragdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6609e1","article-title":"Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attibutable activity limitation-United States, 2013\u20132015","volume":"66","author":"Barbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39692","article-title":"Updated Projected Prevalence of Self-Reported Doctor-Diagnosed Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation Among US Adults, 2015\u20132040","volume":"68","author":"Hootman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S230","article-title":"The economic burden of osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Bitton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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