{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:03:24Z","timestamp":1785524604774,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/18\/0116\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/18\/0116\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tubular polymeric structures have been recognized in the treatment of peripheral nerves as comparable to autologous grafting. The best therapeutic outcomes are obtained with conduits releasing therapeutic molecules. In this study, a new approach for the incorporation of biologically active agent-loaded microspheres into the structure of chitosan\/polycaprolactone conduits was developed. The support of a polycaprolactone helix formed by 3D melt extrusion was coated with dopamine in order to adsorb nerve growth factor-loaded microspheres. The complex analysis of the influence of process factors on the coverage efficiency of polycaprolactone helix by nerve grow factor-loaded microspheres was analyzed. Thus, the PCL helix characterized with the highest adsorption of microspheres was subjected to nerve growth factor release studies, and finally incorporated into chitosan hydrogel deposit through the process of electrophoretic deposition. It was demonstrated by chemical and physical tests that the chitosan\/polycaprolactone conduit meets the requirements imposed on peripheral nerve implants, particularly mimicking mechanical properties of surrounding soft tissue. Moreover, the conduit may support regrowing nerves for a prolonged period, as its structure and integrity persist upon incubation in lysozyme-contained PBS solution up to 28 days at body temperature. In vitro cytocompatibility toward mHippoE-18 embryonic hippocampal cells of the chitosan\/polycaprolactone conduit was proven. Most importantly, the developed conduits stimulate axonal growth and support monocyte activation, the latter is advantageous especially at early stages of nerve regeneration. It was demonstrated that, through the described approach for controlling spatiotemporal release of nerve growth factors, these biocompatible structures adjusted to the specific peripheral nerve injury case can be manufactured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:38:16Z","timestamp":1646599096000},"page":"2852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Controlling the Spatiotemporal Release of Nerve Growth Factor by Chitosan\/Polycaprolactone Conduits for Use in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6371-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nawrotek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kubicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0559-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Gatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Michlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Bekier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Wach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 15 Wroblewskiego Street, 93-590 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466404","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2018.1466404","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury and axonotmesis: State of the art and recent advances","volume":"5","author":"Alvites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Johnson, R.T., Griffin, J.W., and McArthur, J.C. 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