{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1790649773668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":402,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care\u2014but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general\u2014to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1646912807000},"page":"2995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"DiGuilio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rybakovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Abdavies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy","family":"Chamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen A.","family":"Flounders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition Services, Pennsylvania Hospital, 800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Shepley-McTaggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald N.","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5285-7530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Mullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1367S","article-title":"Zinc Intake of the U.S. Population: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"130","author":"Briefel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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