{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:05:59Z","timestamp":1789020359569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection mediated ocular surface stress responses are activated as early defense mechanisms in response to host cell damage. Integrated stress responses initiate the host response to different types of infections and modulate the transcription of key genes and translation of proteins. The crosstalk between host and pathogen results in profound alterations in cellular and molecular homeostasis triggering specific stress responses in the infected tissues. The amplitude and variations of such responses are partly responsible for the disease severity and clinical sequelae. Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of ocular infections is important for early diagnosis and effective treatment. This review considers the molecular status of infection mediated ocular surface stress responses which may shed light on the importance of the host stress-signaling pathways. In this review, we collated literature on the molecular studies of all ocular surface infections and summarize the results from such studies systematically. Identification of important mediators involved in the crosstalk between the stress response and activation of diverse signaling molecules in host ocular surface infection may provide novel molecular targets for maintaining the cellular homeostasis during infection. These targets can be then explored and validated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1647313570000},"page":"3111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ocular Surface Infection Mediated Molecular Stress Responses: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Samayitree","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560 099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Refractive Services, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560 010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Gorimanipalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Refractive Services, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560 010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea and Refractive Services, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560 010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6570-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkasubhra","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560 099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6758-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vrushali","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560 099, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.10.004","article-title":"Ocular surface concepts: Development and citation","volume":"12","author":"Cher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.29487","article-title":"Infective keratitis: A challenge to Indian ophthalmologists","volume":"55","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369094","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/369094","article-title":"Infectious keratitis: Secreted bacterial proteins that mediate corneal damage","volume":"2013","author":"Marquart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Garfunkel, L.C., Kaczorowski, J., and Christy, C. (2007). Pediatric Clinical Advisor E-book: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800046","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800046","article-title":"Visions of eye commensals: The known and the unknown about how the microbiome affects eye disease","volume":"40","author":"Caspi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.316","article-title":"What is causing the corneal ulcer? Management strategies for unresponsive corneal ulceration","volume":"26","author":"Amescua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.169607","article-title":"Geographic variations in microbial keratitis: An analysis of the peer-reviewed literature","volume":"95","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"21","article-title":"Corneal ulcer: Diagnosis and management","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280318","article-title":"Conjunctivitis: A systematic review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"310","author":"Azari","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31802b36dc","article-title":"Economic analysis of corneal ulcers in South India","volume":"26","author":"Prajna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060215t","article-title":"Mass spectrometry reveals specific and global molecular transformations during viral infection","volume":"5","author":"Go","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosch, R., Delarocque, J., Claus, P., Stefanie, C., and Jung, B.K. (2018). Gene expression profiles in neurological tissues during West Nile virus infection: A critical meta-analysis. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4914-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejias, A., Dimo, B., Suarez, N.M., Garcia, C., Suarez-Arrabal, M.C., Jartti, T., Blankenship, D., Jordan-Villegas, A., Ardura, M.I., and Xu, Z. (2013). Whole blood gene expression profiles to assess pathogenesis and disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001549"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e3182a3026b","article-title":"Ocular surface infections in northeastern state of malaysia: A 10-year review of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"39","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kaufman, H.E., Barron, B.A., and McDonald, M.B. (1998). The Cornea, on CD-ROM, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kanski, J.J., and Bowling, B. (2007). Clinical Ophthalmology. A Systematic Approach, Neuroophtholmology; Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700635","article-title":"Management of bacterial keratitis: Beyond exorcism towards consideration of organism and host factors","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.707242","article-title":"Post-keratoplasty infectious keratitis: Epidemiology, risk factors, management, and outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2020.37346","article-title":"The Value of Fortified Aminoglycoside\/Cephalosporin Treatment as First-Line Treatment and in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Bacterial Keratitis","volume":"50","author":"Deniz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103802","article-title":"Fungal keratitis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention","volume":"138","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688609029240","article-title":"Corneal penetration of topical amphotericin B and natamycin","volume":"5","author":"Head","year":"1986","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Abbouda, A., Abicca, I., and Alio, J. (2016). Infectious keratitis following corneal crosslinking: A systematic review of reported cases: Management, visual outcome, and treatment proposed. Seminars in Ophthalmology, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000618","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of herpes simplex virus","volume":"30","author":"Valerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"115","article-title":"The role of herpesviruses in ocular infections","volume":"2","author":"Farooq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Adapt. Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.11.001","article-title":"Dendritic cells in the cornea during Herpes simplex viral infection and inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"355","article-title":"Herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"25","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200101000-00001","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus epidemiology and ocular importance","volume":"20","author":"Liesegang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.08.002","article-title":"Herpes keratitis","volume":"32","author":"Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2018.09.008","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis\u2013Clinical signs, differential diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Daas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2015010","article-title":"An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199801000-00002","article-title":"Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"17","author":"Lindquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"American Optometric Association (2010). Care of the Patient with Hyperopia, American Optometric Association."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38128.631319.AE","article-title":"Predicting bacterial cause in infectious conjunctivitis: Cohort study on informativeness of combinations of signs and symptoms","volume":"329","author":"Rietveld","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_870_16","article-title":"Chlamydial eye infections: Current perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Satpathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"177","article-title":"The ocular manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases. Canadian journal of ophthalmology","volume":"25","author":"Seamone","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Can. D\u2019ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, A., Hurwitz, B., van Schayck, C.P., McLean, S., and Nurmatov, U. (2012). Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001211.pub3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, V.H., Holland, M.J., and Burton, M.J. (2013). Trachoma: Protective and pathogenic ocular immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002020"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2016.12.008","article-title":"Senegalese experience with acute viral conjunctivitis","volume":"40","author":"Sow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fr. D\u2019ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haq, A., Wardak, H., and Kraskian, N. (2013). Infective conjunctivitis\u2013its pathogenesis, management and complications. Common Eye Infections, Intechopen.","DOI":"10.5772\/52462"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.4.804","article-title":"Adenoviruses from patients with AIDS: A plethora of serotypes and a description of five new serotypes of subgenus D (types 43\u201347)","volume":"158","author":"Hierholzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Solano, D., Fu, L., and Czyz, C.N. (2017). Viral Conjunctivitis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Gordon, J. (1994). Adenovirus and other non-herpetic viral diseases. The Cornea, Little, Brown & Company. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199707000-00001","article-title":"The role of cultures in the management of ulcerative keratitis","volume":"16","author":"McLeod","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.275","article-title":"Diagnosis of infectious diseases of the eye","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30738-0","article-title":"The role of smears, cultures, and antibiotic sensitivity testing in the management of suspected infectious keratitis","volume":"103","author":"McLeod","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.06.009","article-title":"Prospective comparison of microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of corneal ulcer","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2012.681336","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis: The persistence of cases following a multistate outbreak","volume":"19","author":"Yoder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000129","article-title":"Clinical features of ocular herpetic infection in an Italian referral center","volume":"33","author":"Miserocchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.379","article-title":"The role of antiviral therapy after the resolution of acute herpes simplex keratitis or acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus","volume":"130","author":"Baratz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000143686.68103.46","article-title":"Herpes zoster virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Liesegang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31829a3b47","article-title":"Herpes simplex and herpes zoster eye disease: Presentation and management at a city hospital for the underserved in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Edell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-005-0289-2","article-title":"Evaluation of herpes simplex detection in corneal scrapings by three molecular methods","volume":"52","author":"Mohammed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.191049","article-title":"Evaluation of tear samples for Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV) detection in suspected cases of viral keratitis using PCR assay and conventional laboratory diagnostic tools","volume":"95","author":"Satpathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31630-1","article-title":"A comparison of enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction with the clinical examination for diagnosing ocular herpetic disease","volume":"100","author":"Kowalski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4236\/ojoph.2014.43011","article-title":"A comparison of the clinical and molecular diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"4","author":"McGilligan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartee, E., McCormack, A., and Fr\u00fch, K. (2006). Quantitative membrane proteomics reveals new cellular targets of viral immune modulators. PLoS Pathog., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020107"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.6.2478-2482.1994","article-title":"Corneal virulence of Staphylococcus aureus: Roles of alpha-toxin and protein A in pathogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Callegan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-011-0273-y","article-title":"Contribution of an arsenal of virulence factors to pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"61","author":"Strateva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of keratitis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"20","author":"Sewell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001110","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbial keratitis","volume":"69","author":"Hilliam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802539869","article-title":"Protein array characterization of bioactive proteins secreted by immortalized human corneal epithelium in response to pseudomonas constituents","volume":"34","author":"Sack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes3040496","article-title":"Proteomics in the study of bacterial keratitis","volume":"3","author":"Bouhenni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3077","article-title":"NLRC3 promotes host resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis by promoting the degradation of IRAK1","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazlett, L.D., McClellan, S., Somayajulu, M., and Bessert, D. (2021). Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1 in Bacterial Keratitis\u2014A Review. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101235"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.118","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in microbial keratitis","volume":"29","author":"Taube","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000874","article-title":"TLR4 and TLR5 on corneal macrophages regulate Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis by signaling through MyD88-dependent and-independent pathways","volume":"185","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602087","article-title":"IL-24 promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in C57BL\/6 mouse corneas","volume":"198","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180439c3e","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and inflammation during contact lens wear: A review","volume":"84","author":"Willcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4839","article-title":"An in vitro investigation of synergy or antagonism between antimicrobial combinations against isolates from bacterial keratitis","volume":"51","author":"Sueke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Boyd, K., Pagan-Duran, B., and Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) (2019, March 22). American Academy of Ophthalmology. EyeSmart\u00ae Eye Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.aao.org\/eye-health\/diseases\/pink-eye-conjunctivitis-list."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_65_19","article-title":"Analysis of differentially expressed genes in bacterial and fungal keratitis","volume":"68","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2019.06.007","article-title":"Association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-10 and IL-17 genes with the severity of microbial keratitis","volume":"42","author":"Carnt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00193","article-title":"Persistence of innate immune pathways in late stage human bacterial and fungal keratitis: Results from a comparative transcriptome analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowda, R.N., Redfern, R., Frikeche, J., Pinglay, S., and Foster, J.W. (2015). Functions of peptidoglycan recognition proteins (Pglyrps) at the ocular surface: Bacterial keratitis in gene-targeted mice deficient in Pglyrp-2,-3 and-4. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137129"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, M.-T., Chen, J.L., Hsu, S.L., Chen, A., and You, H.L. (2019). An omics approach to diagnosing or investigating fungal keratitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153631"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"500","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the tear protein profile in mycotic keratitis patients","volume":"14","author":"Ananthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ananthi, S., Venkatesh, P.N., Lalitha, P., Valarnila, M., and Dharmalingam, K. (2013). Pathogen induced changes in the protein profile of human tears from Fusarium keratitis patients. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053018"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.10.009","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus induced alterations in tear protein profile reveal pathogen-induced host response to fungal infection","volume":"152","author":"Kandhavelu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.03.001","article-title":"Proteome analysis of biofilm produced by a Fusarium falciforme keratitis infectious agent","volume":"130","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.185592","article-title":"Recent advances in diagnosis and management of Mycotic Keratitis","volume":"64","author":"Maharana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107700","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of tear proteome reveals down regulation of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein in Aspergillus flavus keratitis patients","volume":"186","author":"Parthiban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22933","article-title":"Temporal expression of genes in biofilm-forming ocular Candida albicans isolated from patients with keratitis and orbital cellulitis","volume":"59","author":"Ranjith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.6.32","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of the gene expression profiles associated with fungal keratitis in mice based on RNA-Seq","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liang, Q., Liu, Y., Pan, Z., Baudouin, C., Labb\u00e9, A., and Lu, Q. (2018). Expression of cytokines in aqueous humor from fungal keratitis patients. BMC Ophthalmol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0754-x"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7570","article-title":"The role of Mincle in innate immune to fungal keratitis","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1159\/000481563","article-title":"Roles of TRIM32 in corneal epithelial cells after infection with herpes simplex virus","volume":"43","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1021\/pr5012284","article-title":"Quantification of the host response proteome after herpes simplex virus type 1 infection","volume":"14","author":"Berard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00766","article-title":"Pathogenesis of herpes stromal keratitis: Immune inflammatory response mediated by inflammatory regulators","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5897","article-title":"IL-17 expression in human herpetic stromal keratitis: Modulatory effects on chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts","volume":"169","author":"Maertzdorf","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00320.x","article-title":"The molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency","volume":"36","author":"Nicoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00103-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00103-19","article-title":"The latency-associated transcript inhibits apoptosis via downregulation of components of the type I interferon pathway during latent herpes simplex virus 1 ocular infection","volume":"93","author":"Tormanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939381","article-title":"Micro-RNA-155 inhibits IFN-\u03b3 signaling in CD4+ T cells","volume":"40","author":"Banerjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.10.025","article-title":"Epistasis between microRNAs 155 and 146a during T cell-mediated antitumor immunity","volume":"2","author":"Huffaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2186","article-title":"MicroRNA-132\u2013mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Anand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5861","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5861","article-title":"An off-target effect of BX795 blocks herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the eye","volume":"10","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2021.0031","article-title":"Adenovirus-mediated RNA interference against herpes simplex virus infection in vitro","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., and Shao, Y. (2020). Comparative analysis of the tear protein profile in herpes simplex virus type 1 epithelial keratitis. BMC Ophthalmol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01626-3"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3705-3710.1998","article-title":"Absence of macrophage inflammatory protein-1\u03b1 prevents the development of blinding herpes stromal keratitis","volume":"72","author":"Tumpey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8604","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8089","article-title":"Substance P in the corneal stroma regulates the severity of herpetic stromal keratitis lesions","volume":"52","author":"Twardy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.2988-2995.2001","article-title":"Exacerbation of Acanthamoeba keratitis in animals treated with anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 or antineutrophil antibodies","volume":"69","author":"Hurt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140122","article-title":"Altered hyaluronic acid content in tear fluid of patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis","volume":"87","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1074","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1037","article-title":"DrugBank 5.0: A major update to the DrugBank database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/6\/3111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:36:04Z","timestamp":1760135764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/6\/3111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23063111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23063111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]}}}