{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:28:35Z","timestamp":1776932915460,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides an overview of the assessment of the endocrine disrupting (ED) properties of carbon disulfide (CS2), following the methodology used at the European level to identify endocrine disruptors. Relevant in vitro, in vivo studies and human data are analyzed. The assessment presented here focuses on one endocrine activity, i.e., thyroid disruption, and two main adverse effects, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The data available on the different ED or non-ED modes of action (MoA), known to trigger these adverse effects, are described and the strength of evidence of the different MoA is weighted. We conclude that the adverse effects could be due to systemic toxicity rather than endocrine-mediated toxicity. This assessment illustrates the scientific and regulatory challenges in differentiating a specific endocrine disruption from an indirect endocrine effect resulting from a non-ED mediated systemic toxicity. This issue of evaluating the ED properties of highly toxic and reactive substances has been insufficiently developed by European guidance so far and needs to be further addressed. Finally, this example also raises questions about the capacity of the technics available in toxicology to address such a complex issue with certainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:34:13Z","timestamp":1647401653000},"page":"3153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["How to Differentiate General Toxicity-Related Endocrine Effects from Endocrine Disruption: Systematic Review of Carbon Disulfide Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Printemps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7247-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Le Magueresse-Battistoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA\u00e9 U1397, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakina","family":"Mhaouty-Kodja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9\u2014CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine\u2014Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Vigui\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety) (2021). \u00c9laboration d\u2019une Liste de Substances Chimiques D\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat En Raison de Leur Activit\u00e9 Endocrine Potentielle: M\u00e9thode D\u2019identification et Strat\u00e9gie de Priorisation Pour L\u2019\u00e9valuation, Anses. 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