{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:49:03Z","timestamp":1784825343943,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)","award":["German Egyptian Research Long-Term Scholarship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["German Egyptian Research Long-Term Scholarship Program"]}]},{"name":"DFG and Saarland University","award":["Open Access Publishing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publishing"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of device related infections on which pathogens form biofilms (i.e., multilayered cell populations embedded in an extracellular matrix). Here, we report that the transcription factor SpoVG is essential for the capacity of S. epidermidis to form such biofilms on artificial surfaces under in vitro conditions. Inactivation of spoVG in the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) producing S. epidermidis strain 1457 yielded a mutant that, unlike its parental strain, failed to produce a clear biofilm in a microtiter plate-based static biofilm assay. A decreased biofilm formation capacity was also observed when 1457 \u0394spoVG cells were co-cultured with polyurethane-based peripheral venous catheter fragments under dynamic conditions, while the cis-complemented 1457 \u0394spoVG::spoVG derivative formed biofilms comparable to the levels seen with the wild-type. Transcriptional studies demonstrated that the deletion of spoVG significantly altered the expression of the intercellular adhesion (ica) locus by upregulating the transcription of the ica operon repressor icaR and down-regulating the transcription of icaADBC. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed an interaction between SpoVG and the icaA-icaR intergenic region, suggesting SpoVG to promote biofilm formation of S. epidermidis by modulating ica expression. However, when mice were challenged with the 1457 \u0394spoVG mutant in a foreign body infection model, only marginal differences in biomasses produced on the infected catheter fragments between the mutant and the parental strain were observed. These findings suggest that SpoVG is critical for the PIA-dependent biofilm formation of S. epidermis under in vitro conditions, but is largely dispensable for biofilm formation of this skin commensal under in vivo conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Transcription Factor SpoVG Is of Major Importance for Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis under In Vitro Conditions, but Dispensable for In Vivo Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Benthien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0147-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Fresenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"P\u00e4tzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ibrahem","family":"Elhawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvaine","family":"Huc-Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Beisswenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Krasteva-Christ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3634-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f6ren L.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Molle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes K.","family":"Knobloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000692","article-title":"Implantable device-related infection","volume":"46","author":"Vanepps","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.11.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections on implants","volume":"98","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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