{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:27:25Z","timestamp":1793161645316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Local anesthetics (LAs) have potent anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammatory down-regulation is crucial in diseases with overactive immune reactions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic inflammation. We investigated the influence of four LAs, procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, and bupivacaine, on the reduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human leucocytes. Methods. Blood samples of 28 individuals were stimulated with LPS. The reduction of TNF-\u03b1 production by each of the four LAs added (0.5 mg\/mL) was measured and correlated with biometric variables. A response was defined as reduction to &lt;85% of initial levels. Results. All four LAs down-regulated the TNF-\u03b1 secretion in 44\u201361%: Bupivacaine (44.4%), lidocaine (61.5%), mepivacaine (44.4%), and procaine (50% of the individuals, \u201cresponders\u201d). The TNF-\u03b1 secretion was reduced to 67.4, 68.0, 63.6, and 67.1% of the initial values in responders. The effects in both patients and healthy persons were the same. Interindividual responses to LAs were not correlated with the duration or type of complaints, basal TNF-\u03b1 serum level, sex, BMI, or age of responders. Conclusions. Four clinically relevant LAs (amid-LA and ester-LA) attenuate the inflammatory response provoked by LPS. They are potential candidates for drug repositioning in treating overactive immune reactions and chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Characteristics of Local Anesthetics: Inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 Secretion of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Leucocytes in Human Blood Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Weinschenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women\u2019s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus","family":"Benrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Clinic, Mannheim University Hospital, Faculty of Heidelberg University, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"von Baehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Diagnostics, Nicolaistra\u00dfe 22, D-12247 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Strowitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women\u2019s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fei\u00dft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry (IMBI), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00936.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications","volume":"50","author":"Cassuto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. 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