{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:40:49Z","timestamp":1790286049378,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS102926-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS102926-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ed &amp; Ethel Moore Alzheimer\u2019s disease- Florida Department of Health","award":["8AZ15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8AZ15"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE025225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of oral microbial dysbiosis on Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) remains controversial. Building off recent studies reporting that various microbes might directly seed or promote amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) deposition, we evaluated the effects of periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola) and supragingival commensal (Streptococcus gordonii) oral bacterial infection in the APP-transgenic CRND8 (Tg) mice model of AD. We tracked bacterial colonization and dissemination, and monitored effects on gliosis and amyloid deposition. Chronic oral infection did not accelerate A\u03b2 deposition in Tg mice but did induce alveolar bone resorption, IgG immune response, and an intracerebral astrogliosis (GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein). In contrast, intracerebral inoculation of live but not heat-killed P. gingivalis increased A\u03b2 deposition and Iba-1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor-1) microgliosis after 8 weeks of bacterial infection but not at 4 days. These data show that there may be differential effects of infectious microbes on glial activation and amyloid deposition depending on the species and route of inoculation, and thereby provide an important framework for future studies. Indeed, these studies demonstrate marked effects on amyloid \u03b2 deposition only in a fairly non-physiologic setting where live bacteria is injected directly into the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"3328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Intracerebral but Not Peripheral Infection of Live Porphyromonas gingivalis Exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Like Amyloid Pathology in APP-TgCRND8 Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chairmandurai","family":"Aravindraja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Sakthivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4409-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patnam","family":"Veena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Godovikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7073-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Christopher","family":"Fenno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yona","family":"Levites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Golde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8828-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmyya","family":"Kesavalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00046","article-title":"Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Miklossy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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