{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:57:36Z","timestamp":1778036256944,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva Pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior a Cercetarii Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCE 55\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCE 55\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the introduction of a new interdisciplinary field, osteoimmunology, today, it is well acknowledged that biomaterial-induced inflammation is modulated by immune cells, primarily macrophages, and can be controlled by nanotopographical cues. Recent studies have investigated the effect of surface properties in modulating the immune reaction, and literature data indicate that various surface cues can dictate both the immune response and bone tissue repair. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) interspacing on the response of the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. The cells were maintained in contact with the surfaces of flat titanium (Ti) and anodic TNTs with an intertube spacing of 20 nm (TNT20) and 80 nm (TNT80), under standard or pro-inflammatory conditions. The results revealed that nanotube interspacing can influence macrophage response in terms of cell survival and proliferation, cellular morphology and polarization, cytokine\/chemokine expression, and foreign body reaction. While the nanostructured topography did not tune the macrophages\u2019 differentiation into osteoclasts, this behavior was significantly reduced as compared to flat Ti surface. Overall, this study provides a new insight into how nanotubes\u2019 morphological features, particularly intertube spacing, could affect macrophage behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1648222281000},"page":"3558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Macrophage-like Cells Are Responsive to Titania Nanotube Intertube Spacing\u2014An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Madalina Georgiana","family":"Necula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4836-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Mazare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science WW4-LKO, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), National University Corporation Tohoku University (TU), Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea Mariana","family":"Negrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mitran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selda","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science WW4-LKO, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Trusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Indendentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Schmuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science WW4-LKO, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisoara","family":"Cimpean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.03.002","article-title":"Review of titania nanotubes: Fabrication and cellular response","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. 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