{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1775378567481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSI2017-83893-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2017-83893-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Business","award":["PSI2017-90806-REDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSI2017-90806-REDT"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitivity","award":["PID2020-117259RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117259RB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IJCI-2017-32156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJCI-2017-32156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in aging and in the progression of multiple neurological disorders such as Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s dementia, ischemic stroke, and head and spinal cord injury. The increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metal homeostasis, and compromised brain antioxidant defence. All these changes have been reported to directly affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission in neurons, leading to cognitive dysfunction. In this context two non-invasive strategies could be employed in an attempt to improve the aforementioned stressful brain status. In this regard, it has been shown that exercise could increase the resistance against oxidative stress, thus providing enhanced neuroprotection. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the differential effects of different types of exercise (aerobic exhausted exercise, anaerobic exercise, or the combination of both types) and the duration of physical activity will be also addressed in this review as likely determinants of therapeutic efficacy. The second proposed strategy is related to the use of probiotics, which can also reduce some biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, although their underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. Moreover, various probiotics produce neuroactive molecules that directly or indirectly impact signalling in the brain. In this review, we will discuss how physical activity can be incorporated as a component of therapeutic strategies in oxidative stress-based neurological disorders along with the augmentation of probiotics intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"3610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Therapeutic Role of Exercise and Probiotics in Stressful Brain Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3557-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Guardado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C\/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Arboleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos L\u00e1cteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Grijota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C\/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kaliszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Gueimonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos L\u00e1cteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C\/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias-ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., and Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity\u2014A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-813"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0615","article-title":"Physical activity reduces risk of premature mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes with and without kidney disease","volume":"40","author":"Forsblom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1400109","article-title":"The association between physical activity and chronic diseases in european adults","volume":"18","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"269","author":"Sofi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000490044","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of hippocampal atrophy and ventricular enlargement in adults with or without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Goukasian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. Extra"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.008","article-title":"Subregional hippocampal atrophy predicts alzheimer\u2019s dementia in the cognitively normal","volume":"31","author":"Apostolova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"789","article-title":"Physical activity, brain volume, and dementia risk: The framingham study","volume":"72","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.04.024","article-title":"Physical activity and alzheimer disease: A protective association","volume":"91","author":"Emanuele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S169565","article-title":"Physical activity can improve cognition in patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, R., Liang, J., Xu, Y., and Wang, Y. (2019). Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1175-2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0252","article-title":"Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging","volume":"86","author":"Ahlskog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, D.K., Sacheli, M.A., Eng, J.J., and Stoessl, A.J. (2014). The effects of exercise on cognition in parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review. Transl. Neurodegener., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-3-5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vos, W.M., Tilg, H., Van Hul, M., and Cani, P.D. (2022). Gut microbiome and health: Mechanistic insights. Gut, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, N., Arboleya, S., Allison, J., Kaliszewska, A., Higarza, S.G., Gueimonde, M., and Arias, J.L. (2020). The relationship between choline bioavailability from diet, intestinal microbiota composition, and its modulation of human diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082340"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1880240","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and environmental enrichment reverse cognitive impairment associated with high-fat high-cholesterol consumption in rats","volume":"13","author":"Higarza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.273995","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: Stressed bugs, stressed brain or both?","volume":"592","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.127","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Microbiota and neuroimmune signalling-metchnikoff to microglia","volume":"12","author":"Cryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00925-x","article-title":"Host genetics exerts lifelong effects upon hindgut microbiota and its association with bovine growth and immunity","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, J., Kaliszewska, A., Uceda, S., Reiriz, M., and Arias, N. (2021). Targeting DNA methylation in the adult brain through diet. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113979"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaliszewska, A., Allison, J., Martini, M., and Arias, N. (2021). Improving age-related cognitive decline through dietary interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073574"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000945","article-title":"Carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses do not affect maximum strength and muscular endurance performance","volume":"10","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.001","article-title":"Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic","volume":"74","author":"Dinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"197","article-title":"Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in the development of alzheimer\u2019s disease: Is alzheimer\u2019s a vascular disorder?","volume":"3","author":"Kelleher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27836","article-title":"Understanding the links between cardiovascular disease and parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Potashkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14234","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in normal aging adults: Cardiovascular determinants, clinical implications, and aerobic fitness","volume":"144","author":"Tarumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.08.013","article-title":"Lower cerebral blood flow is associated with impairment in multiple cognitive domains in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Leeuwis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027448","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion and the risk of dementia","volume":"136","author":"Wolters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-0010","article-title":"Effects of hypoperfusion in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4450-z","article-title":"Lower cerebral blood flow is associated with faster cognitive decline in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Benedictus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181b4f736","article-title":"ASL perfusion MRI predicts cognitive decline and conversion from MCI to dementia","volume":"24","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25938","article-title":"Arterial-Spin-Labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI Predicts cognitive function in elderly individuals: A 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140680","article-title":"Arterial spin labeling may contribute to the prediction of cognitive deterioration in healthy elderly individuals","volume":"274","author":"Xekardaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B., Sutton, B., Low, K., Fletcher, M., Tan, C.H., Schneider-Garces, N., Li, Y., Ouyang, C., Maclin, E., and Gratton, G. (2014). Cardiorespiratory fitness mediates the effects of aging on cerebral blood flow. Front. Aging Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00059"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.158279","article-title":"Elevation in cerebral blood flow velocity with aerobic fitness throughout healthy human ageing","volume":"586","author":"Ainslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2011.12.002","article-title":"Effect of age on exercise-induced alterations in cognitive executive function: Relationship to cerebral perfusion","volume":"47","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190977","article-title":"Brain perfusion change in patients with mild cognitive impairment after 12 months of aerobic exercise training","volume":"75","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/156720206775541787","article-title":"Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0308-1","article-title":"Microvascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment","volume":"36","author":"Faraci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iturria-Medina, Y., Sotero, R.C., Toussaint, P.J., Mateos-P\u00e9rez, J.M., and Evans, A.C. (2016). Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset alzheimer\u2019s disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis. Nat. Commun., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11934"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143198","article-title":"No Difference in the skeletal muscle angiogenic response to aerobic exercise training between young and aged men","volume":"585","author":"Gavin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.022","article-title":"Role of Vascular endothelial growth factor in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of depression","volume":"227","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274658","article-title":"Exercise makes your brain bigger: Skeletal muscle VEGF and hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"595","author":"Ballard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00664-4","article-title":"Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat","volume":"117","author":"Swain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2010-0574","article-title":"Endurance exercise training promotes angiogenesis in the brain of chronic\/progressive mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Jamous","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"P404","article-title":"P1-015: Evaluation of effects of physical exercise on vascular and cerebral pathology, plasticity and function in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Oore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2021-001","article-title":"Regular aerobic exercise increased VEGF levels in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles correlated with hippocampal learning and VEGF levels","volume":"81","author":"Karakilic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.195","article-title":"A critical role for VEGF and VEGFR2 in NMDA receptor synaptic function and fear-related behavior","volume":"21","author":"Harde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96445-4_14","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier integrity and clearance of amyloid-\u03b2 from the BBB","volume":"1097","author":"Cockerill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhea, E.M., and Banks, W.A. (2019). Role of the blood-brain barrier in central nervous system insulin resistance. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00521"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadry, H., Noorani, B., and Cucullo, L. (2020). A blood\u2013brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown in alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noe, C.R., Noe-Letschnig, M., Handschuh, P., Noe, C.A., and Lanzenberger, R. (2020). Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier\u2014A key step in neurodegeneration and dementia. Front. Aging Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00185"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014","volume":"315","author":"Flegal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0597-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and the role of chronic inflammation in patients with obesity","volume":"44","author":"Chiappetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101704","article-title":"Inflammation and neurodegeneration: Chronicity matters","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.14.1799","article-title":"Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: A randomized trial","volume":"289","author":"Esposito","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.08.073","article-title":"Exercise training modulates cytokines activity in coronary heart disease patients","volume":"100","author":"Goldhammer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M709","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.12.M709","article-title":"Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and c-reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging","volume":"55","author":"Taaffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2003.12.006","article-title":"Exercise reduces plasma levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8 in subjects with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Claudi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansar, W., and Ghosh, S. (2020). C-reactive protein and neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical Significance of C-Reactive Protein, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6787-2"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.04.025","article-title":"C-Reactive protein is inversely related to physical fitness in middle-aged subjects","volume":"176","author":"Aronson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0775","article-title":"Exercise and taurine in inflammation, cognition, and peripheral markers of blood-brain barrier integrity in older women","volume":"43","author":"Chupel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.05.026","article-title":"Physical training improves non-spatial memory, locomotor skills and the blood brain barrier in diabetic rats","volume":"1618","author":"Xavier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00094.x","article-title":"Environmental enrichment counteracts alzheimer\u2019s neurovascular dysfunction in TgCRND8 mice","volume":"18","author":"Herring","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cribbs, D.H., Berchtold, N.C., Perreau, V., Coleman, P.D., Rogers, J., Tenner, A.J., and Cotman, C.W. (2012). Extensive innate immune gene activation accompanies brain aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: A microarray study. J. Neuroinflammation, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-179"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichol, K.E., Poon, W.W., Parachikova, A.I., Cribbs, D.H., Glabe, C.G., and Cotman, C.W. (2008). Exercise alters the immune profile in Tg2576 alzheimer mice toward a response coincident with improved cognitive performance and decreased amyloid. J. Neuroinflammation, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-13"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Liu, D., Zhang, Q., Liang, F., Dai, G., Zeng, J., Pei, Z., Xu, G., and Lan, Y. (2017). Voluntary exercise promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid beta and reduces the activation of astrocytes and microglia in aged mice. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00144"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T., Zhang, L., Pan, X., Zheng, H., Chen, X., Li, L., Luo, J., and Hu, X. (2017). Physical exercise improves cognitive function together with microglia phenotype modulation and remyelination in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00404"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohman, R.A., Bhattacharya, T.K., Wojcik, E., and Rhodes, J.S. (2013). Exercise reduces activation of microglia isolated from hippocampus and brain of aged mice. J. Neuroinflammation, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-114"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160869","article-title":"Treadmill exercise exerts neuroprotection and regulates microglial polarization and oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2822","article-title":"New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory?","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.001","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: Significant answers and significant questions","volume":"70","author":"Ming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farioli-Vecchioli, S., Saraulli, D., Costanzi, M., Pacioni, S., Cin\u00e0, I., Aceti, M., Micheli, L., Bacci, A., Cestari, V., and Tirone, F. (2008). The timing of differentiation of adult hippocampal neurons is crucial for spatial memory. PLOS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060246"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607207103","article-title":"Ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis impairs contextual fear conditioning and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus","volume":"103","author":"Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20163","article-title":"Inhibition of neurogenesis interferes with hippocampus-dependent memory function","volume":"16","author":"Winocur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupret, D., Revest, J.-M., Koehl, M., Ichas, F., Giorgi, F.D., Costet, P., Abrous, D.N., and Piazza, P.V. (2008). Spatial relational memory requires hippocampal adult neurogenesis. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001959"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.10.009","article-title":"A role for adult neurogenesis in spatial long-term memory","volume":"130","author":"Snyder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.047","article-title":"Young hippocampal neurons are critical for recent and remote spatial memory in adult mice","volume":"171","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00090-3","article-title":"Prominent decline of newborn cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the aging dentate gyrus, in absence of an age-related hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis activation","volume":"25","author":"Heine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10217","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1469-15.2015","article-title":"FGF signaling is necessary for neurogenesis in young mice and sufficient to reverse its decline in old mice","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2006.00243.x","article-title":"The window and mechanisms of major age-related decline in the production of new neurons within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-06-02027.1996","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: Age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation","volume":"16","author":"Kuhn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00378-5","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I ameliorates the age-related decline in hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Lichtenwalner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132417","article-title":"Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and its enhancement with ghrelin in 5XFAD mice","volume":"41","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.033","article-title":"Neurogenic abnormalities in alzheimer\u2019s disease differ between stages of neurogenesis and are partly related to cholinergic pathology","volume":"47","author":"Perry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1062-x","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Marxreiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/6368","article-title":"Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"2","author":"Kempermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P.Z., and Nusslock, R. (2018). Exercise-mediated neurogenesis in the hippocampus via BDNF. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00052"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, O., Spalding, K.L., and Fris\u00e9n, J. (2015). Adult neurogenesis in humans. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018994"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088417","article-title":"Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"302","author":"Monje","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13632","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2234031100","article-title":"Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain","volume":"100","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.025","article-title":"Running-induced systemic cathepsin b secretion is associated with memory function","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Exercise induces hippocampal bdnf through a PGC-1\u03b1\/FNDC5 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wrann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0275-4","article-title":"Exercise-linked FNDC5\/Irisin rescues synaptic plasticity and memory defects in alzheimer\u2019s models","volume":"25","author":"Lourenco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"2369","article-title":"Lactate mediates the effects of exercise on learning and memory through SIRT1-dependent activation of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)","volume":"39","author":"Hayek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margineanu, M.B., Mahmood, H., Fiumelli, H., and Magistretti, P.J. (2018). L-lactate regulates the expression of synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection genes in cortical neurons: A transcriptome analysis. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00375"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.11.035","article-title":"Lactate infusion at rest increases BDNF blood concentration in humans","volume":"488","author":"Schiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle\u2013organ crosstalk: The emerging roles of myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, M., Morici, J.F., Zanoni, M.B., and Bekinschtein, P. (2019). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: A key molecule for memory in the healthy and the pathological brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7483","article-title":"Reduced BDNF MRNA expression in the parkinson\u2019s disease substantia nigra","volume":"166","author":"Howells","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu028","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels: Relationship with dementia and diabetes in the elderly population","volume":"70","author":"Passaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03135.x","article-title":"Precursor form of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor are decreased in the pre-clinical stages of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"93","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.62","article-title":"Decreased peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis study (N = 7277)","volume":"22","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12426","article-title":"Comparison between different D-Dimer cutoff values to assess the individual risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: Analysis of results obtained in the DULCIS Study","volume":"38","author":"Palareti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131073","article-title":"Acute aerobic exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly with alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Coelho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak, K.-P. (2015). P3-235: Exercise training in very old adults with mild cognitive impairment: Improvements on BDNF peripheral levels and cognition. Alzheimers Dement., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.06.1607"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.025","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"128","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00222-8","article-title":"Exercise-induced regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) transcripts in the rat hippocampus","volume":"61","author":"Oliff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02584-8","article-title":"Effects of chronic exercise and imipramine on MRNA for BDNF after olfactory bulbectomy in rat","volume":"974","author":"Chambliss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.006","article-title":"The exercise-induced expression of BDNF within the Hippocampus Varies Across Life-Span","volume":"26","author":"Adlard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.20463\/jenb.2017.0034","article-title":"Effects of acute voluntary loaded wheel running on BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x","article-title":"Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20077","article-title":"Exercise induces BDNF and synapsin i to specific hippocampal subfields","volume":"76","author":"Vaynman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.07.010","article-title":"Serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.H., Bylykbashi, E., Chatila, Z.K., Lee, S.W., Pulli, B., Clemenson, G.D., Kim, E., Rompala, A., Oram, M.K., and Asselin, C. (2018). Combined adult neurogenesis and bdnf mimic exercise effects on cognition in an alzheimer\u2019s mouse model. Science, 361.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8821"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1954","article-title":"Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to alzheimer disease","volume":"63","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2014.04.004","article-title":"Brain network function during shifts in learning strategies in portal hypertension animals","volume":"104","author":"Arias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.08.060","article-title":"Differential contribution of the hippocampus in two different demanding tasks at early stages of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"284","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, M.H., Zahid, M.F., Zain, S., Kabir, A., and Hassan, S.U. (2020). The neuroprotective effects of exercise on cognitive decline: A preventive approach to alzheimer disease. Cureus, 12.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6958"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.10.026","article-title":"Protective effects of exercise in metabolic disorders are mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial-derived sterile inflammation","volume":"85","author":"Peeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279411","article-title":"The influence of aerobic exercise on mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle","volume":"599","author":"Philp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorriento, D., Di Vaia, E., and Iaccarino, G. (2021). Physical exercise: A novel tool to protect mitochondrial health. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.660068"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.08.002","article-title":"Physical exercise as a possible strategy for brain protection: Evidence from mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200204000-00006","article-title":"Exercise enhances and protects brain function","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0076-6","article-title":"Exercise preconditioning upregulates cerebral integrins and enhances cerebrovascular integrity in ischemic rats","volume":"112","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273994","article-title":"Skeletal myofiber vascular endothelial growth factor is required for the exercise training-induced increase in dentate gyrus neuronal precursor cells","volume":"595","author":"Rich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0845-6","article-title":"Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human skeletal muscle in response to short-term one-legged exercise training","volume":"444","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.04.001","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe?","volume":"9","author":"Powers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2165\/11594400-000000000-00000","article-title":"Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: Beneficial or detrimental?","volume":"41","author":"Peternelj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thirupathi, A., Wang, M., Lin, J.K., Fekete, G., Istv\u00e1n, B., Baker, J.S., and Gu, Y. (2021). Effect of different exercise modalities on oxidative stress: A systematic review. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1947928"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0376-6","article-title":"Voluntary exercise promotes beneficial anti-aging mechanisms in SAMP8 female brain","volume":"55","author":"Bayod","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200702000-00022","article-title":"Comparison of low- and high-intensity resistance exercise on lipid peroxidation: Role of muscle oxygenation","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.02.003","article-title":"Reductive stress after exercise: The issue of redox individuality","volume":"2","author":"Margaritelis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091531","article-title":"Exercise plays a preventive role against alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Radak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burtscher, J., Millet, G.P., Place, N., Kayser, B., and Zanou, N. (2021). The muscle-brain axis and neurodegenerative diseases: The key role of mitochondria in exercise-induced neuroprotection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126479"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611721104","article-title":"An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus","volume":"104","author":"Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0258-x","article-title":"Metabolic communication during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273196","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity","volume":"595","author":"MacInnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R264","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00875.2007","article-title":"Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: Relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects","volume":"295","author":"Daussin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272570","article-title":"Superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle after interval compared to continuous single-leg cycling matched for total work","volume":"595","author":"MacInnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2015.02.025","article-title":"The paradoxical role of thioredoxin on oxidative stress and aging","volume":"576","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punchard, N., and Kelly, F. (1996). Free Radicals: A Practical Approach, IRL Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199635603.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pincemail, J. (1995). Free radicals and antioxidants in human diseases. Analysis of Free Radicals in Biological Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-9074-8_7"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"40","article-title":"Oxidative stress is a central target for physical exercise neuroprotection against pathological brain aging","volume":"71","author":"Colie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"529","article-title":"Exercise training acts as a therapeutic strategy for reduction of the pathogenic phenotypes for alzheimer\u2019s disease in an NSE\/APPsw-transgenic model","volume":"22","author":"Um","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Downhill training upregulates mice hippocampal and striatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels","volume":"115","author":"Aguiar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Vienna Austria 1996"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.09.053","article-title":"High-intensity physical exercise disrupts implicit memory in mice: Involvement of the striatal glutathione antioxidant system and intracellular signaling","volume":"171","author":"Aguiar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2011.09.005","article-title":"Short bouts of mild-intensity physical exercise improve spatial learning and memory in aging rats: Involvement of hippocampal plasticity via AKT, CREB and BDNF signaling","volume":"132","author":"Aguiar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.09.063","article-title":"Physical training exerts neuroprotective effects in the regulation of neurochemical factors in an animal model of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"227","author":"Tuon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.653969","article-title":"Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA","volume":"46","author":"Dizdaroglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"90","article-title":"Adaptation to exercise-induced oxidative stress: From muscle to brain","volume":"7","author":"Radak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020356","article-title":"Impact of oxidative stress on exercising skeletal muscle","volume":"5","author":"Steinbacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.002","article-title":"Free Radicals and Muscle Fatigue: Of ROS, Canaries, and the IOC","volume":"44","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"235","article-title":"Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides following long-distance and lactacidemic performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint athletes","volume":"37","author":"Marzatico","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1139\/h03-007","article-title":"Physical fitness and plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant status at rest and after a wingate test","volume":"28","author":"Groussard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol. Rev. Can. Physiol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000227408.91474.77","article-title":"Oxidative stress response in trained men following repeated squats or sprints","volume":"38","author":"Bloomer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.07.014","article-title":"Protein carbonyls are acutely elevated following single set anaerobic exercise in resistance trained men","volume":"10","author":"Bloomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/10725760500317536","article-title":"Effect of resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress","volume":"39","author":"McAnulty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31815daf89","article-title":"The effect of resistance exercise on humoral markers of oxidative stress","volume":"40","author":"Hudson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399509527692","article-title":"Antioxidants and physical performance","volume":"35","author":"Clarkson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199302000-00010","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Alessio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1423-y","article-title":"Oxidative stress in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626285","article-title":"Repetitive static muscle contractions in humans\u2014A trigger of metabolic and oxidative stress?","volume":"64","author":"Sahlin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"R1697","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase is involved in exercise-induced oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"277","author":"Heunks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)00357-2","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on antioxidant system in brain regions of rat","volume":"50","author":"Somani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamura, T., and Muraoka, I. (2018). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant intake from a physiological viewpoint. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7090119"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.1997.576351000.x","article-title":"Glutathione status and reactive oxygen generation in tissues of young and old exercised rats","volume":"159","author":"Ohkuwa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00468-8","article-title":"Effects of endurance physical training on hydroxyl radical generation in rat tissues","volume":"63","author":"Itoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(00)00063-2","article-title":"Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain","volume":"38","author":"Kaneko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.02.004","article-title":"The effects of training and detraining on memory, neurotrophins and oxidative stress markers in rat brain","volume":"49","author":"Radak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R505","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00208.2003","article-title":"Beneficial effects of moderate exercise on mice aging: Survival, behavior, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial electron transfer","volume":"286","author":"Navarro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.05.010","article-title":"Exercise prevents sleep deprivation-associated anxiety-like behavior in rats: Potential role of oxidative stress mechanisms","volume":"224","author":"Vollert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falone, S., D\u2019Alessandro, A., Mirabilio, A., Petruccelli, G., Cacchio, M., Di Ilio, C., Di Loreto, S., and Amicarelli, F. (2012). Long term running biphasically improves methylglyoxal-related metabolism, redox homeostasis and neurotrophic support within adult mouse brain cortex. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031401"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.2042","article-title":"Regular training modulates the accumulation of reactive carbonyl derivatives in mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of rat skeletal muscle","volume":"383","author":"Nyakas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2006.08.011","article-title":"Exercise intensity influences cell injury in rat hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation","volume":"71","author":"Scopel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.04.045","article-title":"Effect of treadmill exercise on cell damage in rat hippocampal slices submitted to oxygen and glucose deprivation","volume":"1157","author":"Cechetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.020099","article-title":"Influence of intermittent anaerobic exercise on mouse physical endurance and antioxidant components","volume":"40","author":"Qiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.07.034","article-title":"Acute exhaustive exercise does not alter lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum","volume":"406","author":"Acikgoz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199112010-00004","article-title":"Overtraining in athletes. An update","volume":"12","author":"Fry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333020-00001","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of overtraining in endurance sports: The metabolism alteration process syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Petibois","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.02.009","article-title":"The effects of moderate-, strenuous- and over-training on oxidative stress markers, DNA repair, and memory, in rat brain","volume":"46","author":"Ogonovszky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.09.029","article-title":"Effect of acute and chronic exercise on oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum","volume":"452","author":"Aksu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00071-4","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical generation during exercise increases mitochondrial protein oxidation and levels of urinary dityrosine","volume":"27","author":"Leeuwenburgh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050366","article-title":"Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centred radicals in human serum following exhaustive exercise","volume":"77","author":"Ashton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0831097100","article-title":"Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise","volume":"100","author":"Chevion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.21","article-title":"Chronically and acutely exercised rats: Biomarkers of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071","article-title":"Gut feelings: The emerging biology of gut-brain communication","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.76","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Intestinal bacteria influence brain activity in healthy humans","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"850","article-title":"The putative role of the intestinal microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.35","article-title":"Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis","volume":"6","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x","article-title":"Defining the human microbiome","volume":"70","author":"Ursell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400731","article-title":"The gut flora as a forgotten organ","volume":"7","author":"Shanahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota\u2014Masters of Host development and physiology","volume":"11","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223813","article-title":"Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions","volume":"336","author":"Nicholson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.07.009","article-title":"Microbes & neurodevelopment\u2014Absence of microbiota during early life increases activity-related transcriptional pathways in the amygdala","volume":"50","author":"Stilling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00414","article-title":"Host microbiota regulates central nervous system serotonin receptor 2C editing in rodents","volume":"10","author":"Stilling","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2876","article-title":"The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milani, C., Duranti, S., Bottacini, F., Casey, E., Turroni, F., Mahony, J., Belzer, C., Delgado Palacio, S., Arboleya Montes, S., and Mancabelli, L. (2017). The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: Composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 81.","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? a changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201100129","article-title":"Development of probiotic products for nutritional requirements of specific human populations","volume":"12","author":"Arboleya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, B., Delgado, S., Blanco-M\u00edguez, A., Louren\u00e7o, A., Gueimonde, M., and Margolles, A. (2017). Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600240"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central gaba receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbari, E., Asemi, Z., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Bahmani, F., Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O.R., Hamidi, G.A., and Salami, M. (2016). Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind and controlled trial. Front. Aging Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00256"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.034","article-title":"Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004319","article-title":"Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects","volume":"105","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.4.16108","article-title":"Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium Longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers","volume":"2","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"522","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Kazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416686694","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus helveticus and bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression","volume":"51","author":"Romijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001478","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the treatment of functional abdominal pain in children: RCT study","volume":"64","author":"Hojsak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1174683","article-title":"Impact of oral probiotics on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Akar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.002","article-title":"Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria-gut-brain signals","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x","article-title":"\u03b3-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine","volume":"113","author":"Barrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5576-0_2","article-title":"Evolutionary considerations of neurotransmitters in microbial, plant, and animal cells","volume":"874","author":"Roshchina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.02.017","article-title":"Possible additional antidepressant-like mechanism of sodium butyrate: Targeting the hippocampus","volume":"81","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, A.V., Bested, A.C., Beaulne, T.M., Katzman, M.A., Iorio, C., Berardi, J.M., and Logan, A.C. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Gut Pathog., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-6"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owen, L., Reinders, M., Narramore, R., Marsh, A.R., Lui, F.G., Baron, R., Plummer, S., and Corfe, B.M. (2014). A double blind, placebo controlled, randomised pilot trial examining the effects of probiotic administration on mood and cognitive function. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 73.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114000433"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000023","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on mental health and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in petrochemical workers","volume":"19","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12804","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus casei strain shirota relieves stress-associated symptoms by modulating the gut-brain interaction in human and animal models","volume":"28","author":"Takada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0311-x","article-title":"A combination of probiotics and magnesium orotate attenuate depression in a small ssri resistant cohort: An intestinal anti-inflammatory response is suggested","volume":"25","author":"Bambling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colica, C., Avolio, E., Bollero, P., Costa de Miranda, R., Ferraro, S., Sinibaldi Salimei, P., De Lorenzo, A., and Di Renzo, L. (2017). Evidences of a new psychobiotic formulation on body composition and anxiety. Mediators Inflamm., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5650627"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.003","article-title":"Probiotic bifidobacterium longum ncc3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: A pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"153","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.013","article-title":"Effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 in pregnancy on postpartum symptoms of depression and anxiety: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Slykerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"486","article-title":"Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures","volume":"9","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, Z., Nazari, S., Etesam, F., Nourimajd, S., Ahmadpanah, M., and Jahromi, S.R. (2018). The effect of synbiotic as an adjuvant therapy to fluoxetine in moderate depression: A randomized multicenter trial. Arch. Neurosci, 5.","DOI":"10.5812\/archneurosci.60507"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majeed, M., Nagabhushanam, K., Arumugam, S., Majeed, S., and Ali, F. (2018). Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 for the management of major depression with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-centre, pilot clinical study. Food Nutr. Res., 62.","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1218"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000299","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 as Adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: A prospective open-label trial","volume":"41","author":"Miyaoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.011","article-title":"Effect of bifidobacterium breve a-1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"245","author":"Okubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.010","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus plantarum p8 alleviated stress and anxiety while enhancing memory and cognition in stressed adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"38","author":"Lew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0645","article-title":"Influence of a multistrain probiotic on body composition and mood in female occupational shift workers","volume":"44","author":"Mock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602546","article-title":"Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition","volume":"61","author":"Benton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.043","article-title":"Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity","volume":"144","author":"Tillisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.003","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood","volume":"48","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta, A., Sarno, E., Del Casale, A., Pane, M., Mogna, L., Amoruso, A., Felis, G.E., and Fiorio, M. (2019). Effects of probiotics on cognitive reactivity, mood, and sleep quality. Front. Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00164"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2007.10.001","article-title":"Probiotic food supplement reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal symptoms in volunteers: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Diop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, A.P., Hutch, W., Borre, Y.E., Kennedy, P.J., Temko, A., Boylan, G., Murphy, E., Cryan, J.F., Dinan, T.G., and Clarke, G. (2016). Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: Modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers. Transl. Psychiatry, 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.191"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04134-15","article-title":"Fermented milk containing lactobacillus casei strain shirota preserves the diversity of the gut microbiota and relieves abdominal dysfunction in healthy medical students exposed to academic stress","volume":"82","author":"Nishida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0135","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 alleviates stress and anxiety in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, G., Brenchley, J.M., Cavallari, E.N., Scheri, G.C., Fratino, M., Pinacchio, C., Schietroma, I., Fard, S.N., Scagnolari, C., and Mezzaroma, I. (2017). Impact of high-dose multi-strain probiotic supplementation on neurocognitive performance and central nervous system immune activation of HIV-1 infected individuals. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111269"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1732-z","article-title":"Influence of 4-week multi-strain probiotic administration on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers","volume":"58","author":"Bagga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.097","article-title":"Gut feelings: A randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for depressive symptoms","volume":"253","author":"Chahwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.07.007","article-title":"Fermented milk of lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 improves cognitive functioning during cognitive fatigue tests in healthy older adults","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"70","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve A1 supplementation improved cognitive decline in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: An open-label, single-arm study","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0170","article-title":"Effects of bifidobacterium breve A1 on the cognitive function of older adults with memory complaints: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishida, K., Sawada, D., Kuwano, Y., Tanaka, H., and Rokutan, K. (2019). Health benefits of lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 tablets in young adults exposed to chronic stress: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081859"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papalini, S., Michels, F., Kohn, N., Wegman, J., van Hemert, S., Roelofs, K., Arias-Vasquez, A., and Aarts, E. (2019). Stress matters: Randomized controlled trial on the effect of probiotics on neurocognition. Neurobiol. Stress, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100141"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Rudzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000203","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum 1714TM strain modulates brain activity of healthy volunteers during social stress","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000528","article-title":"A Mixture of 3 bifidobacteria decreases abdominal pain and improves the quality of life in children with irritable bowel syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"51","author":"Giannetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.08.002","article-title":"The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_260","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms among children with autism spectrum disorder receiving the Delpro\u00ae probiotic and immunomodulator formulation","volume":"1","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prob. Health"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1347746","article-title":"The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study","volume":"21","author":"Shaaban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-W., Liong, M.T., Chung, Y.-C.E., Huang, H.-Y., Peng, W.-S., Cheng, Y.-F., Lin, Y.-S., Wu, Y.-Y., and Tsai, Y.-C. (2019). Effects of lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on children with autism spectrum disorder in taiwan: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040820"},{"key":"ref_263","first-page":"527","article-title":"Complete glutathione system in probiotic lactobacillus fermentum ME-3","volume":"46","author":"Kullisaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songisepp, E., Kals, J., Kullisaar, T., M\u00e4ndar, R., H\u00fctt, P., Zilmer, M., and Mikelsaar, M. (2005). Evaluation of the functional efficacy of an antioxidative probiotic in healthy volunteers. Nutr. J., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-4-22"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13482","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of various oral lactobacillus strains","volume":"123","author":"Chooruk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06136","article-title":"Glutathione utilization in lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716","volume":"66","author":"Surya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-005-0773-y","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum, a probiotic capable to release glutathione, prevents colonic inflammation in the TNBS model of rat colitis","volume":"21","author":"Peran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Vera, I., Toral, M., de la Visitaci\u00f3n, N., S\u00e1nchez, M., Romero, M., Olivares, M., Jim\u00e9nez, R., and Duarte, J. (2018). The probiotic lactobacillus fermentum prevents dysbiosis and vascular oxidative stress in rats with hypertension induced by chronic nitric oxide blockade. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 62.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800298"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, M., Fabersani, E., Abeij\u00f3n-Mukdsi, M.C., Ross, R., Fontana, C., Ben\u00edtez-P\u00e1ez, A., Gauffin-Cano, P., and Medina, R.B. (2016). Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 ameliorates oxidative and metabolic parameters by increasing intestinal feruloyl esterase activity and modulating microbiota in caloric-restricted mice. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070415"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Vera, I., Toral, M., de la Visitaci\u00f3n, N., Aguilera-S\u00e1nchez, N., Redondo, J.M., and Duarte, J. (2020). Protective effects of short-chain fatty acids on endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00277"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021","article-title":"Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from mptp and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"69","author":"Srivastav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, S., Ji, J.-L., Li, S., Cao, X.-P., Xu, W., Tan, L., and Tan, C.-C. (2022). Efficacy and safety of probiotics for the treatment of alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.730036"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12479","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00982F","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum HFY06 attenuates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in male kunming mice","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_274","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 prevents cognitive dysfunction in D-Galactose\/AlCl3 induced mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease via modulating gut microbiota and PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07711","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 reduces \u03b1-SYN aggravation in MPTP-induced parkinson\u2019s disease mice via regulating oxidative damage, inflammation, and gut microbiota disorder","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0648","article-title":"Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria ameliorate memory and learning deficits and oxidative stress in \u03b2-Amyloid (1-42) Injected rats","volume":"43","author":"Djazayeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2020.1833917","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of probiotics bacteria on animal model of parkinson\u2019s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study","volume":"42","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunoass. Immunochem."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy Sarkar, S., Mitra Mazumder, P., Chatterjee, K., Sarkar, A., Adhikary, M., Mukhopadhyay, K., and Banerjee, S. (2021). Saccharomyces Boulardii ameliorates gut dysbiosis associated cognitive decline. Physiol. Behav., 236.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113411"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/7\/3610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:43:37Z","timestamp":1760136217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/7\/3610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":278,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23073610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23073610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]}}}