{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:49:19Z","timestamp":1790794159780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Association for Celiac Disease (AIC)","award":["Grant 005_FC_2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 005_FC_2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an altered immune response stimulated by gliadin peptides that are not digested and cause damage to the intestinal mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the postbiotic Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) could prevent the action of gliadin peptides on mTOR, autophagy, and the inflammatory response. Most of the experiments performed were conducted on intestinal epithelial cells Caco-2 treated with a peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin (PTG) and P31-43. Furthermore, we pretreated the Caco-2 with the postbiotic LP before treatment with the previously described stimuli. In both cases, we evaluated the levels of pmTOR, p70S6k, and p4EBP-1 for the mTOR pathway, pNFk\u03b2, and pERK for inflammation and LC 3 and p62 for autophagy. For autophagy, we also used immunofluorescence analysis. Using intestinal organoids derivate from celiac (CD) patients, we analyzed the effect of gliadin after postbiotic pretreatment with LP on inflammation marker NFk\u03b2. Through these experiments, we showed that gliadin peptides are able to induce the increase of the inflammatory response in a more complex model of intestinal epithelial cells. LP postbiotic was able to induce autophagy in Caco-2 cells and prevent gliadin effects. In conclusion, postbiotic pretreatment with LP could be considered for in vivo clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"3655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Gliadin Peptide P31-43 Induces mTOR\/NFk\u03b2 Activation and Reduces Autophagy: The Role of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 Postbiotc"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Conte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.T.P. Innovation and Technology Provider s.r.l., Via Bisignano a Chiaia 68, 80121 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Porpora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Bellomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Furone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Luigi","family":"Budelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merlin","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Paediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.171275","article-title":"Microbiome: Paediatricians\u2019 perspective","volume":"142","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. 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