{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:01:14Z","timestamp":1784116874898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K25HL148386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25HL148386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL147064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL147064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN 20173ZW ACS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 20173ZW ACS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"John Patrick Albright","award":["000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart muscle disorder characterized by progressive replacement of cardiomyocytes by fibrofatty tissue, ventricular dilatation, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Interest in molecular biomechanics for these disorders is constantly growing. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-established technic to study the mechanobiology of biological samples under physiological and pathological conditions at the cellular scale. However, a review which described all the different data that can be obtained using the AFM (cell elasticity, adhesion behavior, viscoelasticity, beating force, and frequency) is still missing. In this review, we will discuss several techniques that highlight the potential of AFM to be used as a tool for assessing the biomechanics involved in ACM. Indeed, analysis of genetically mutated cells with AFM reveal abnormalities of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane structures, and defects of contractility. The higher the Young\u2019s modulus, the stiffer the cell, and it is well known that abnormal tissue stiffness is symptomatic of a range of diseases. The cell beating force and frequency provide information during the depolarization and repolarization phases, complementary to cell electrophysiology (calcium imaging, MEA, patch clamp). In addition, original data is also presented to emphasize the unique potential of AFM as a tool to assess fibrosis in cardiac tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"3700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Applications in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brisa","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CU-Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Adbel-Hafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cavasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1116-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Mestroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CU-Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orfeo","family":"Sbaizero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CU-Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa719","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"41","author":"Beffagna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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