{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:10:14Z","timestamp":1792444214768,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has devastating effects on plant growth and yield. During ontogenesis, plants are subjected to a variety of abiotic stresses, including drought and salinity, affecting the crop loss (20\u201350%) and making them vulnerable in terms of survival. These stresses lead to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage nucleic acid, proteins, and lipids. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have remarkable capabilities in combating drought and salinity stress and improving plant growth, which enhances the crop productivity and contributes to food security. PGPB inoculation under abiotic stresses promotes plant growth through several modes of actions, such as the production of phytohormones, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, exopolysaccharide, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, extracellular polymeric substances, volatile organic compounds, modulate antioxidants defense machinery, and abscisic acid, thereby preventing oxidative stress. These bacteria also provide osmotic balance; maintain ion homeostasis; and induce drought and salt-responsive genes, metabolic reprogramming, provide transcriptional changes in ion transporter genes, etc. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the effects of PGPB on drought and salinity stress to mitigate its detrimental effects. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanistic insights of PGPB towards drought and salinity stress tolerance for sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"3741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Mechanistic Insights of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Mediated Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants for Sustainable Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmol","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIRC-3, Plant\u2013Microbe Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richa","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224123, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smita","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIRC-3, Plant\u2013Microbe Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambreen","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIRC-3, Plant\u2013Microbe Interaction and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224123, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirza","family":"Hasanuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulgari, R., Franzoni, G., and Ferrante, A. 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