{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T03:00:44Z","timestamp":1763348444615,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA135358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA135358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a lethal tumor originating in the mesothelium with high chemotherapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) persist in tumors and are critical targets responsible for tumor resistance and recurrence. The identification and characterization of CSCs may help develop effective treatment for MM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of molecular targeted radiotherapy by 177Lu-labeled immunoliposomes (177Lu-ILs) on CSCs of mesothelioma. MM CSCs were sorted based on CD26\/CD24 expression level and their functional significances were established by small interference RNA. CSC potential of MM was evaluated for drug resistance, cell invasion, and cell growth rate in vitro. CSC metabolism was evaluated with the uptake of 18F-FDG. Therapeutic effects of 177Lu-labeled immunoliposomes targeting CD26 and CD24 were evaluated in vitro through proliferation and apoptotic assays. CSCs sorted from H28 cells exhibited significant drug resistance and enhanced proliferative activity as well as increased metabolism indicated by higher 18F-FDG uptake. Treatment with 177Lu-ILs, compared with 177Lu-CL and ILs, showed enhanced therapeutic effects on inhibition of proliferation, up-regulation of apoptosis, and suppression of CD26 and CD24 expression. Thus, our results suggest that molecular radiotherapy targeting both CD26 and CD24 could be a promising approach for CSC-targeting therapy for MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:22:39Z","timestamp":1648848159000},"page":"3914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular Radiotherapy with 177Lu-Immunoliposomes Induces Cytotoxicity in Mesothelioma Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Sam","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Klibanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cadiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"UVa Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2020.08.005","article-title":"The Molecular Basis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"30","author":"Wadowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac. 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