{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T01:56:46Z","timestamp":1785031006529,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), the most frequent monogenic autoinflammatory disease, is manifested with recurrent and chronic inflammation and amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, driven by overproduction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) through an activated pyrin inflammasome. Consequently, non-responsiveness to colchicine, the cornerstone of FMF treatment, is nowadays addressed by IL-1- blockers. Each of the two IL-1 blockers currently used in FMF, anakinra and canakinumab, has its own merits for FMF care. Here we focus on anakinra, a recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, and explore the literature by using PubMed regarding the utility of anakinra in certain conditions of FMF. Occasionally we enrich published data with our own experience. To facilitate insights to anakinra role, the paper briefs some clinical, genetic, pathogenetic, and management aspects of FMF. The clinical settings of FMF covered in this review include colchicine resistance, AA amyloidosis, renal transplantation, protracted febrile myalgia, on- demand use, leg pain, arthritis, temporary suspension of colchicine, pediatric patients, and pregnancy and lactation. In many of these instances, either because of safety concerns or a necessity for only transient and short-term use, anakinra, due to its short half-life, is the preferred IL-1 blocker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T02:59:52Z","timestamp":1648954792000},"page":"3956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Preferential Use of Anakinra in Various Settings of FMF: A Review Applied to an Updated Treatment-Related Perspective of the Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Eitan","family":"Giat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FMF Clinic, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Ben-Zvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMF Clinic, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merav","family":"Lidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMF Clinic, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Livneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMF Clinic, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Medicine F, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.020","article-title":"Gain-of-function Pyrin mutations induce NLRP3 protein-independent interleukin-1beta activation and severe autoinflammation in mice","volume":"34","author":"Chae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24569","article-title":"Familial Mediterranean fever with a single MEFV mutation: Where is the second hit?","volume":"60","author":"Booty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24570","article-title":"Clinical disease among patients heterozygous for familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"60","author":"Berkun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(96)80012-6","article-title":"The changing face of familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"26","author":"Livneh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. 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