{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:38:55Z","timestamp":1790674735678,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JTC_2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JTC_2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Governo Italiano","award":["SG- 2019-12369421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG- 2019-12369421"]}]},{"name":"Governo Italiano","award":["PRIN 2017J92TM5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017J92TM5"]}]},{"name":"Governo Italiano","award":["FISR2020IP_04051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FISR2020IP_04051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving as an effective mechanical barrier between the internal milieu and the external environment. The skin is widely considered the first-line defence of the body, with an essential function in rejecting pathogens and preventing mechanical, chemical, and physical damages. Keratinocytes are the predominant cells of the outer skin layer, the epidermis, which acts as a mechanical and water-permeability barrier. The epidermis is a permanently renewed tissue where undifferentiated keratinocytes located at the basal layer proliferate and migrate to the overlying layers. During this migration process, keratinocytes undertake a differentiation program known as keratinization process. Dysregulation of this differentiation process can result in a series of skin disorders. In this context, aquaporins (AQPs), a family of membrane channel proteins allowing the movement of water and small neutral solutes, are emerging as important players in skin physiology and skin diseases. Here, we review the role of AQPs in skin keratinization, hydration, keratinocytes proliferation, water retention, barrier repair, wound healing, and immune response activation. We also discuss the dysregulated involvement of AQPs in some common inflammatory dermatological diseases characterised by skin barrier disruption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23074020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T11:26:07Z","timestamp":1649157967000},"page":"4020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Aquaporins Are One of the Critical Factors in the Disruption of the Skin Barrier in Inflammatory Skin Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Maura","family":"Tricarico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell\u2019Istria 65\/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Mentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9881-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabino","family":"Garra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8493-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Crovella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Qatar, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4666-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Calamita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.08.007","article-title":"Structure and function of the epidermis related to barrier properties","volume":"30","author":"Baroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x","article-title":"The skin: An indispensable barrier","volume":"17","author":"Proksch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. 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