{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:10:49Z","timestamp":1791875449810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present evidence that metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents the postreproductive stage of the human postembryonic ontogenesis. Accordingly, the genes governing this stage experience relatively weak evolutionary selection pressure, thus representing the metabolic phenotype of distant ancestors with \u03b2-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) as the primary energy source. Mitochondria oxidize at high-rate FAs only when succinate, glutamate, or pyruvate are present. The heart and brain mitochondria work at a wide range of functional loads and possess an intrinsic inhibition of complex II to prevent oxidative stress at periods of low functional activity. Kidney mitochondria constantly work at a high rate and lack inhibition of complex II. We suggest that in people with MetS, oxidative stress is the central mechanism of the heart and brain pathologies. Oxidative stress is a secondary pathogenetic mechanism in the kidney, while the primary mechanisms are kidney hypoxia caused by persistent hyperglycemia and hypertension. Current evidence suggests that most of the nongenetic pathologies associated with MetS originate from the inconsistencies between the metabolic phenotype acquired after the transition to the postreproductive stage and excessive consumption of food rich in carbohydrates and a sedentary lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23074047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T16:21:30Z","timestamp":1649262090000},"page":"4047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome and \u03b2-Oxidation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Brain, Heart, and Kidney Mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Panov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir I.","family":"Mayorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Dikalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583517","article-title":"Contribution of long chain fatty acids to the energy supply of the rat kidney cortex","volume":"356","author":"Bertermann","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pflug. 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