{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:54Z","timestamp":1787028474186,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS-PI20\/01681)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS-PI20\/01681)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares","award":["CB16\/11\/00479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB16\/11\/00479"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in its treatment, heart failure remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, evidencing an urgent need for novel mechanism-based targets and strategies. Myocardial hypertrophy, caused by a wide variety of chronic stress stimuli, represents an independent risk factor for the development of heart failure, and its prevention constitutes a clinical objective. Recent studies performed in preclinical animal models support the contribution of the Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases calpains in regulating the hypertrophic process and highlight the feasibility of their long-term inhibition as a pharmacological strategy. In this review, we discuss the existing evidence implicating calpains in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the latest advances in unraveling the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we provide an updated overview of calpain inhibitors that have been explored in preclinical models of cardiac hypertrophy and the progress made in developing new compounds that may serve for testing the efficacy of calpain inhibition in the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:39:51Z","timestamp":1649338791000},"page":"4103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Calpains as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Myocardial Hypertrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Aluja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Delgado-Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisol","family":"Ruiz-Meana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Barrab\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Inserte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emmons-Bell, S., Johnson, C., and Roth, G. 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