{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:37:41Z","timestamp":1786405061903,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation is a crucial process for the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a major characteristic of glaucoma. High expression of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) plays a detrimental role in inflammatory processes and is elevated in the retinas of glaucoma patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the intravitreal injection of an anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (anti-HMGB1 Ab) in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Two groups of Spraque Dawley rats received episcleral vein occlusion to chronically elevate intraocular pressure (IOP): (1) the IgG group, intravitreal injection of an unspecific IgG as a control, n = 5, and (2) the HMGB1 group, intravitreal injection of an anti-HMGB1 Ab, n = 6. IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and the retinal flash response were monitored longitudinally. Post-mortem examinations included immunohistochemistry, microarray, and mass spectrometric analysis. RNFLT was significantly increased in the HMGB1 group compared with the IgG group (p &lt; 0.001). RGC density showed improved neuronal cell survival in the retina in HMGB1 compared with the IgG group (p &lt; 0.01). Mass spectrometric proteomic analysis of retinal tissue showed an increased abundance of RNA metabolism-associated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), such as hnRNP U, D, and H2, in animals injected with the anti-HMGB1 Ab, indicating that the application of the antibody may cause increased gene expression. Microarray analysis showed a significantly decreased expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8, p &lt; 0.05) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, p &lt; 0.01) in the HMGB1 group. Thus, these data suggest that intravitreal injection of anti-HMGB1 Ab reduced HMGB1-dependent inflammatory signaling and mediated RGC neuroprotection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:39:51Z","timestamp":1649338791000},"page":"4107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Monoclonal Anti-HMGB1 Antibody Attenuates Neurodegeneration in an Experimental Animal Model of Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Tonner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Hunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Auler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Schmelter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Beutgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald D.","family":"von Pein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz H.","family":"Grus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.03.014","article-title":"A rat model of glaucoma induced by episcleral vein ligation","volume":"83","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. 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