{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:09Z","timestamp":1772252889929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G107217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G107217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection requires antibody recognition of the spike protein. In a study designed to examine the molecular features of anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies, patient plasma proteins binding to pre-fusion stabilised complete spike and nucleocapsid proteins were isolated and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation\u2013time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. Amongst the immunoglobulins, a high affinity for human serum albumin was evident in the anti-spike preparations. Careful mass comparison revealed the preferential capture of advanced glycation end product (AGE) forms of glycated human serum albumin by the pre-fusion spike protein. The ability of bacteria and viruses to surround themselves with serum proteins is a recognised immune evasion and pathogenic process. The preference of SARS-CoV-2 for AGE forms of glycated serum albumin may in part explain the severity and pathology of acute respiratory distress and the bias towards the elderly and those with (pre)diabetic and atherosclerotic\/metabolic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T12:11:14Z","timestamp":1649419874000},"page":"4126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding of Glycated Serum Albumin\u2014Its Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of the COVID-19 Clinical Syndromes and Bias towards Individuals with Pre-Diabetes\/Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Iles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raminta","family":"Zmuidinaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Sadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Binding Site Group Ltd., 8 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 1QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jernej","family":"Ule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK"},{"name":"The Binding Site Group Ltd., 8 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 1QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Roblett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis Crick Institute, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Heeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Baxendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray K.","family":"Iles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"NISAD, Sundstorget 2, 252-21 Helsingborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.015","article-title":"COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival","volume":"184","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.054460","article-title":"Early Enhanced Expression of Interferon-Inducible Protein-10 (CXCL-10) and Other Chemokines Predicts Adverse Outcome in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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