{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1792597710462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Mammalians cannot synthesize these amino acids de novo and must acquire them through their diet. High levels of BCAAs are associated with insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes; obesity; and non-metabolic diseases, including several forms of cancer. BCAAs\u2014in particular leucine\u2014activate the rapamycin complex1 mTORC1, which regulates cell growth and metabolism, glucose metabolism and several more essential physiological processes. Diets rich in BCAAs are associated with metabolic diseases (listed above), while diets low in BCAAs are generally reported to promote metabolic health. As for the dysregulation of the metabolism caused by high levels of BCAAs, recent studies propose that the accumulation of acyl-carnitine and diacyl-CoA in muscles alters lipid metabolism. However, this suggestion is not broadly accepted. On clinical grounds, pre- and post-operative metabolic profiles of candidate patients for bariatric surgery are being used to select the optimal procedure for each individual patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:33:42Z","timestamp":1649885622000},"page":"4325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4504-1714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Universit\u00e0, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Capparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Universit\u00e0, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Iannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019 Azur, F-06108 Nice, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice-Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Archet 2 Hospital, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestiere, F-062024 Nice, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U1065, Team 8 \u201cHepatic Complications of Obesity and Alcohol\u201d, F-062024 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Iannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Universit\u00e0, 100-Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01188-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01188-18","article-title":"Branching Out: Alterations in Bacterial Physiology and Virulence Due to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Deprivation","volume":"9","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.12.011","article-title":"Emerging Roles for Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Sivanand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2017.02.012","article-title":"mTORC1 signaling and the metabolic control of cell growth","volume":"45","author":"Manning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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