{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:18:04Z","timestamp":1790072284688,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"West University of Timi\u015foara","award":["2101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a study by computer simulation on superparamagnetic hyperthermia with CoFe2O4 ferrimagnetic nanoparticles coated with biocompatible gamma-cyclodextrins (\u03b3-CDs) to be used in alternative cancer therapy with increased efficacy and non-toxicity. The specific loss power that leads to the heating of nanoparticles in superparamagnetic hyperthermia using CoFe2O4\u2013\u03b3-CDs was analyzed in detail depending on the size of the nanoparticles, the thickness of the \u03b3-CDs layer on the nanoparticle surface, the amplitude and frequency of the alternating magnetic field, and the packing fraction of nanoparticles, in order to find the proper conditions in which the specific loss power is maximal. We found that the maximum specific loss power was determined by the Brown magnetic relaxation processes, and the maximum power obtained was significantly higher than that which would be obtained by the N\u00e9el relaxation processes under the same conditions. Moreover, increasing the amplitude of the magnetic field led to a significant decrease in the optimal diameter at which the maximum specific loss power is obtained (e.g., for 500 kHz frequency the optimal diameter decreased from 13.6 nm to 9.8 nm when the field increased from 10 kA\/m to 50 kA\/m), constituting a major advantage in magnetic hyperthermia for its optimization, in contrast to the known results in the absence of cyclodextrins from the surface of immobilized nanoparticles of CoFe2O4, where the optimal diameter remained practically unchanged at ~6.2 nm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"4350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia Study with Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Covered with \u03b3-Cyclodextrins by Computer Simulation for Application in Alternative Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Isabela Simona","family":"Caizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Practical Skills, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costica","family":"Caizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2217\/17435889.3.6.831","article-title":"Optimizing magnetic nanoparticle design for nanothermotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Gazeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201100045","article-title":"Cancer hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Shegokar, R. (2017). Magnetic hyperthermia-using magnetic metal\/oxide nanoparticles with potential in cancer therapy. Metal Nanoparticles in Pharma, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00652","article-title":"Evolution of magnetic hyperthermia for glioblastoma multiforme therapy","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C. (2021). Optimization study on specific loss power in superparamagnetic hyperthermia with magnetite nanoparticles for high efficiency in alternative cancer therapy. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-016-9690-9","article-title":"Cell mediated photothermal therapy of brain tumors","volume":"12","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estelrich, J., and Ant\u00f2nia Busquets, M. (2018). Iron oxide nanoparticles in photothermal therapy. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071567"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00167","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Vines","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddique, S., and Chow, J.C.L. (2020). Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091700"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2016.09.016","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia with appropriate payloads: Paul Ehrlich\u2019s \u201cmagic (nano) bullet\u201d for cancer theranostics?","volume":"50","author":"Datta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600357","article-title":"Synthesis of ferromagnetic Fe0.6Mn0.4O nanoflowers as a new class of magnetic theranostic platform for in vivo T1\u2013T2 Dual-Mode magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic hyperthermia therapy","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1476","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1476","article-title":"Functional magnetic hybrid nanomaterials for biomedical diagnosis and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Jamil, B. (2019). Magnetic\/Superparamagnetic hyperthermia as an effective noninvasive alternative method for therapy of malignant tumors. Nanotheranostics: Applications and Limitations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)00706-0","article-title":"Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field","volume":"252","author":"Rosensweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(03)90138-1","article-title":"Complete regression of mouse mammary carcinoma with a size greater than 15 mm by frequent repeated hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"96","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.03.038","article-title":"Magnetite nanoparticle-loaded anti-HER2 immunoliposomes for combination of antibody therapy with hyperthermia","volume":"212","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18872","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR06168G","article-title":"Can magneto-plasmonic nanohybrids efficiently combine photothermia with magnetic hyperthermia?","volume":"7","author":"Espinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.106","article-title":"Antitumor immunity by magnetic nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia","volume":"9","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.01.028","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: A groundbreaking approach for reprogramming malfunctioned tumor environment","volume":"274","author":"Sau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.11.022","article-title":"Metallic nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-006-9195-0","article-title":"Intracranial thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy: Results of a feasibility study on patients with glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"81","author":"Rothe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-015-0576-1","article-title":"Efficient treatment of breast cancer xenografts with multifunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles combining magnetic hyperthermia and anticancer drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Kossatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brero, F., Albino, M., Antoccia, A., Arosio, P., Avolio, M., Berardinelli, F., Bettega, D., Calzolari, P., Ciocca, M., and Corti, M. (2020). Hadron Therapy, Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia: A Promising Combined Tool for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10101919"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30630","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of heating ability and biocompatibility of different ferrite-based magnetic fluids for hyperthermia application","volume":"81","author":"Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2011.04.003","article-title":"Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"166","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.821527","article-title":"Use of bacterial magnetosomes in the magnetic hyperthermia treatment of tumours: A review","volume":"29","author":"Chebbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5187-3","article-title":"Study on the efficiency of nanosized magnetite and mixed ferrites in magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"25","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16867","DOI":"10.1021\/am5042934","article-title":"Enhanced magnetic fluid hyperthermia by micellar magnetic nanoclusters composed of MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles for induced tumor cell apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506949t","article-title":"Combining magnetic hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy for tumor ablation with photoresponsive magnetic liposomes","volume":"9","author":"Espinosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.02.029","article-title":"Systematic investigations on heating effects of carboxyl-amine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) based ferrofluids for in vitro cancer hyperthermia therapy","volume":"256","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C. (2021). Theoretical study on specific loss power and heating temperature in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles as possible candidate for alternative cancer therapy by superparamagnetic hyperthemia. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11125505"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C., and Rai, M. (2021). Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine: Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754725"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C., and Rai, M. (2021). Magnetic nanoparticles in alternative tumors therapy: Biocompatibility, toxicity and safety compared with classical methods. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine: Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754725.ch16"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C., and Rai, M. (2021). Classical magnetoliposomes vs current magnetociclodextrins with ferrimagnetic nanoparticle for high efficiency and low toxicity in alternative therapy of cancer by magnetic\/superparamagnetic hyperthermia. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine: Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer, UEFISCDI. unpublished.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119754725.ch13"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, C., and Caizer, I.S. (2021). Study on maximum specific loss power in Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated with biocompatible gamma-cyclodextrins for cancer therapy with superparamagnetic hyperthermia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810071"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3432757","article-title":"Modeling the performance of magnetic nanoparticles in multimodal cancer therapy","volume":"107","author":"Purushotham","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1039\/b718436k","article-title":"Selectively functionalized cyclodextrins and their metal complexes","volume":"38","author":"Bellia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-007-0197-4","article-title":"Intracellular heating of living cells through N\u00e9el relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"37","author":"Fortin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"70","article-title":"Magn\u00e9tisme et th\u00e9orie des \u00e9lectrons","volume":"5","author":"Langevin","year":"1905","journal-title":"Annu. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2185850","article-title":"Superparamagnetism","volume":"30","author":"Bean","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"99","article-title":"Th\u00e9orie du tra\u00eenage magn\u00e9tique des ferromagn\u00e9tiques en grains fins avec application aux terres cuites","volume":"5","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.130.1677","article-title":"Thermal fluctuations of a single-domain particle","volume":"130","author":"Brown","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.135.A447","article-title":"Thermal agitation of single domain particles","volume":"135","author":"Aharoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.3251","article-title":"Magnetization reversal in ultrashort magnetic field pulses","volume":"81","author":"Back","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Coffey, W.I. (2008). The effective field method in the orientational kinetics of magnetic fluids and liquid crystals. Relaxation Phenomena in Condensed Matter, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1021\/cr970022c","article-title":"Introduction and general overview of cyclodextrin chemistry","volume":"98","author":"Szejtli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caizer, I.S., Caizer, C., Racoviceanu, R., Watz, C.G., Mihoc, M., Dehelean, C.A., Bratu, T., and Soica, C. (2022). The Fe3O4-PAA\u2013\u03b3-CDs biocompatible ferrimagnetic nanoparticles for increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity in superparamagnetic hyperthermia: A promising approach for alternative cancer therapy. Nanomaterials, ahead of pub.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152577"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, R. (1994). Magnetic Ceramics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511600296"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.100.1","article-title":"Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"100","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/jp104580t","article-title":"Heat production by bacterial magnetosomes exposed to an oscillating magnetic field","volume":"115","author":"Faure","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Rai, M., and Shegokar, R. (2017). Biocompatible magnetic oxide nanoparticles with metal ions coated with organic shell as potential therapeutic agents in cancer. Metal Nanoparticles in Pharma, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talegaonkar, S., and Rai, M. (2020). Magnetic nanoparticles nanoformulations for alternative therapy of cancer by magnetic\/superparamagnetic hyperthermia. Nanoformulations in Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41858-8"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2017.10.007","article-title":"Conjugation of cyclodextrin to magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles via polydopamine coating for drug delivery","volume":"114","author":"Oroujenia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)00701-1","article-title":"Magnetic behavior of Mn0.6Fe0.4Fe2O4 nanopartciles in ferrofluid at low temperatures","volume":"251","author":"Caizer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2007.10.012","article-title":"Magnetic properties of the novel nanocomposite (Zn0.15Ni0.85Fe2O4)0.15\/(SiO2)0.85 at room temperature","volume":"320","author":"Caizer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067457e","article-title":"Size-sorted anionic iron oxide nanomagnets as colloidal mediators for magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"129","author":"Fortin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, P., Wu, Y., Huang, H., Gan, Z., Liu, J., and Wu, D. (2020). Ultrathin surface coated water-soluble cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with high magnetic heating efficiency and rapid in vivo clearance. Biomaterials, 230.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119655"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07A307","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2830975","article-title":"Evaluation of iron-cobalt\/ferrite core-shell nanoparticles for cancer thermotherapy","volume":"103","author":"Habib","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800135","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201800135","article-title":"Maximizing specific loss power for magnetic hyperthermia by hard-soft mixed ferrites","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b22600","article-title":"Comparative heating efficiency of cobalt-, manganese-, and nickel\u2013ferrite nanoparticles for a hyperthermia agent in biomedicines","volume":"11","author":"Manna","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1156","article-title":"Magnetic particle hyperthermia\u2013biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy","volume":"311","author":"Hergt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/8\/4350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:17Z","timestamp":1760136857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/8\/4350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23084350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23084350","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}