{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:38:54Z","timestamp":1791934734799,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond, resulting in inhibition of neuroexocytosis. The minute amounts of these neurotoxins commonly used in experimental animals are not detectable, nor is detection of their VAMP substrate sensitive enough. The immune detection of the cleaved substrate is much more sensitive, as we have previously shown for botulinum neurotoxin type A. Here, we describe the production in rabbit of a polyclonal antibody raised versus a peptide encompassing the 13 residues C-terminal with respect to the neurotoxin cleavage site. The antibody was affinity purified and found to recognize, with high specificity and selectivity, the novel N-terminus of VAMP that becomes exposed after cleavage by tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin type B. This antibody recognizes the neoepitope not only in native and denatured VAMP but also in cultured neurons and in neurons in vivo in neurotoxin-treated mice or rats, suggesting the great potential of this novel tool to elucidate tetanus and botulinum B toxin activity in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"4355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Fabris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"\u0160o\u0161tari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivica","family":"Matak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Toffan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morena","family":"Simonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Italian Research Council, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Italian Research Council, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pirazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Italian Research Council, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology CIR-Myo, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins: Genetic, structural and mechanistic insights","volume":"12","author":"Rossetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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