{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:38:27Z","timestamp":1768595907044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R231-2016-3622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R231-2016-3622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two isoforms of the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme exist, GAD65 and GAD67, which are associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS), respectively. Interestingly, it has been reported that T1D patients seldom develop SPS, whereas patients with SPS occasionally develop T1D. In addition, coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) has previously been proposed to be involved in the onset of T1D through molecular mimicry. On this basis, we aimed to examine antibody cross-reactivity between a specific region of GAD65 and GAD67, which has high sequence homology to the nonstructural P2C protein of CVB4 to determine potential correlations at antibody level. Monoclonal peptide antibodies generated in mice specific for a region with high similarity in all three proteins were screened for reactivity along with human sera in immunoassays. In total, six antibodies were generated. Two of the antibodies reacted to both GAD isoforms. However, none of the antibodies were cross-reactive to CVB, suggesting that antibody cross-reactivity between GAD65 and CVB, and GAD67 and CVB may not contribute to the onset of T1D and SPS, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T04:21:28Z","timestamp":1650255688000},"page":"4424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Peptide Antibody Reactivity to Homologous Regions in Glutamate Decarboxylase Isoforms and Coxsackievirus B4 P2C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Hartwig","family":"Trier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 13, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niccolo","family":"Valdarnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3453-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9577-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Rovero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9357-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Robert","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Schafer-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schafer-N, Lers\u00f8 Parkall\u00e9 42, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evaldas","family":"Ciplys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rimantas","family":"Slibinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Pociot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autoimmunity and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Houen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens vej 13, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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