{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:54:23Z","timestamp":1792461263806,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF-2019-12369247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2019-12369247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ring Finger Protein 213 (RNF213), also known as Mysterin, is the major susceptibility factor for Moyamoya Arteriopathy (MA), a progressive cerebrovascular disorder that often leads to brain stroke in adults and children. Although several rare RNF213 polymorphisms have been reported, no major susceptibility variant has been identified to date in Caucasian patients, thus frustrating the attempts to identify putative therapeutic targets for MA treatment. For these reasons, the investigation of novel biochemical functions, substrates and unknown partners of RNF213 will help to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms of MA and will facilitate variant interpretations in a diagnostic context in the future. The aim of the present review is to discuss novel perspectives regarding emerging RNF213 roles in light of recent literature updates and dissect their relevance for understanding MA and for the design of future research studies. Since its identification, RNF213 involvement in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis has strengthened, together with its role in inflammatory signals and proliferation pathways. Most recent studies have been increasingly focused on its relevance in antimicrobial activity and lipid metabolism, highlighting new intriguing perspectives. The last area could suggest the main role of RNF213 in the proteasome pathway, thus reinforcing the hypotheses already previously formulated that depict the protein as an important regulator of the stability of client proteins involved in angiogenesis. We believe that the novel evidence reviewed here may contribute to untangling the complex and still obscure pathogenesis of MA that is reflected in the lack of therapies able to slow down or halt disease progression and severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T22:07:26Z","timestamp":1650406046000},"page":"4492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Novel Multifaceted Roles for RNF213 Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0256-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Pollaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8483-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Gorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6811-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Carrozzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0141-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Canavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bersano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56185","article-title":"Moyamoya disease factor RNF213 is a giant E3 ligase with a dynein-like core and a distinct ubiquitin-transfer mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Ahel","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2010.132","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies RNF213 as the first Moyamoya disease gene","volume":"56","author":"Kamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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