{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:40:39Z","timestamp":1792136439186,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was supported by funds from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (02-0066\/07\/253). The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giant condyloma acuminatum, also known as Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT), is a rare disease of the anogenital region. BLT is considered a locally aggressive tumor of benign histological appearance, but with the potential for destructive growth and high recurrence rates. BLT development is strongly associated with infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), mostly HPV-6 and -11. Immunity to HPVs plays a crucial role in the natural control of various HPV-induced lesions. Large condyloma acuminata are frequently reported in patients with primary (e.g., DOCK8 or SPINK5 deficiencies) and secondary (e.g., AIDS, solid organ transplantation) immune defects. Individuals with extensive anogenital warts, including BLT in particular, should therefore be tested for inherited or acquired immunodeficiency. Research into the genetic basis of unexplained cases is warranted. An understanding of the etiology of BLT would lead to improvements in its management. This review focuses on the role of underlying HPV infections, and human genetic and immunological determinants of BLT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1650506151000},"page":"4547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The Pathogenesis of Giant Condyloma Acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor): An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Purzycka-Bohdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman J.","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Herms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre for Genital and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Laurent","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Fou\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"Centre for Genital and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"B\u00e9ziat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588663","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.588663","article-title":"Cutaneous vs. Mucosal Tropism: The Papillomavirus Paradigm Comes to an \u201cand\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Altamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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