{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:24:13Z","timestamp":1791537853689,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-15-C-0117, JW140032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-15-C-0117, JW140032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM109005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal (GI) system is highly susceptible to irradiation. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medical countermeasures for GI radiation injury. The vitamin E analog gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) is a promising radioprotector in mice and nonhuman primates (NHP). We evaluated GT3-mediated GI recovery in total-body irradiated (TBI) NHPs. Sixteen rhesus macaques were divided into two groups; eight received vehicle and eight GT3 24 h prior to 12 Gy TBI. Proximal jejunum was assessed for structural injuries and crypt survival on day 4 and 7. Apoptotic cell death and crypt cell proliferation were assessed with TUNEL and Ki-67 immunostaining. Irradiation induced significant shortening of the villi and reduced mucosal surface area. GT3 induced an increase in crypt depth at day 7, suggesting that more stem cells survived and proliferated after irradiation. GT3 did not influence crypt survival after irradiation. GT3 treatment caused a significant decline in TUNEL-positive cells at both day 4 (p &lt; 0.03) and 7 (p &lt; 0.0003). Importantly, GT3 induced a significant increase in Ki-67-positive cells at day 7 (p &lt; 0.05). These data suggest that GT3 has radioprotective function in intestinal epithelial and crypt cells. GT3 should be further explored as a prophylactic medical countermeasure for radiation-induced GI injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"4643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effects of Gamma-Tocotrienol on Intestinal Injury in a GI-Specific Acute Radiation Syndrome Model in Nonhuman Primate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-537X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarita","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1948-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun K.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAMS Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluseyi O.","family":"Fatanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle R.","family":"Miousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena V.","family":"Savenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexei G.","family":"Basnakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"},{"name":"John L. McClellan Memorial VA Hospital, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward H\u00e9bert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"},{"name":"Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-4325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hauer-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7513.397","article-title":"Weapons of mass destruction\u2014Threats and responses","volume":"331","author":"Gosden","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2018.1526172","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges with animal models for acute radiation syndrome drug discovery","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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