{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1778810504785,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAR 2017\u20132020","award":["FAR 2017\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2017\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Gigi &amp; Pupa Ferrari Onlus","award":["Fondazione Gigi & Pupa Ferrari Onlus"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondazione Gigi & Pupa Ferrari Onlus"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POR FESR 2014-2020."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POR FESR 2014-2020."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Call HUB Ricerca ed Innovazione: ImmunHUB","award":["Call HUB Ricerca ed Innovazione: ImmunHUB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Call HUB Ricerca ed Innovazione: ImmunHUB"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lombardia.","award":["PROGRAMMA DEGLI INTERVENTI PER LA RIPRESA ECONOMICA: SVILUPPO DI NUOVI ACCORDI DI COLLABORAZIONE CON LE UNIVERSIT\u00c0 PER LA RICERCA, L'INNOVAZIONE E IL TRASFERIMENTO TECNOLOGICO: NephropaThy."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROGRAMMA DEGLI INTERVENTI PER LA RIPRESA ECONOMICA: SVILUPPO DI NUOVI ACCORDI DI COLLABORAZIONE CON LE UNIVERSIT\u00c0 PER LA RICERCA, L'INNOVAZIONE E IL TRASFERIMENTO TECNOLOGICO: NephropaThy."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The podocyte injury, and consequent proteinuria, that characterize the pathology of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is mediated by an autoimmune reaction against podocyte antigens. In particular, the activation of pathways leading to abundant renal deposits of complement is likely to involve the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to aberrant glycans on immunoglobulins. To obtain a landscape of circulatory IgG Fc glycosylation characterizing this disease, we conducted a systematic N-glycan profiling study of IgG1, 2, and 4 by mass spectrometry. The cohort included 57 IMN patients, a pathological control group with nephrotic syndrome (PN) (n = 20), and 88 healthy control subjects. The effect of sex and age was assessed in all groups and controlled by rigorous matching. Several IgG Fc glycan traits were found to be associated with IMN. Interestingly, among them, only IgG4-related results were specific for IMN and not for PN. Hypo-galactosylation of IgG4, already shown for IMN, was observed to occur in the absence of core fucose, in line with a probable increase of pro-inflammatory IgG. In addition, elevated levels of fucosylated IgG4, along with low levels of hybrid-type glycans, were detected. Some of these IgG4 alterations are likely to be more pronounced in high PLA2R (phospholipase A2 receptor) patients. IgG Fc glycosylation patterns associated with IMN warrant further studies of their role in disease mechanisms and may eventually enrich the diagnostic spectrum regarding patient stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1650701646000},"page":"4664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Definition of IgG Subclass-Specific Glycopatterns in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Aberrant IgG Glycoforms in Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Clizia","family":"Chinello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noortje","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Capitoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging B4 Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Trezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca and Nephrology, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Dialysis Unit, ASST-Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3886-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Radice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Institute, ASST (Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale) Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9870-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Criscuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Signorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, 20832 Desio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging B4 Center, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Alberto","family":"Sinico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca and Nephrology, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Dialysis Unit, ASST-Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Wuhrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8663-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V84664","article-title":"Membranous glomerulonephritis","volume":"8","author":"Wasserstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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