{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:39:55Z","timestamp":1783654795985,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Forendo Pharma and University of Turku"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) is an enzyme that converts estrone to estradiol, while adenomyosis is an estrogen-dependent disease with poorly understood pathophysiology. In the present study, we show that mice universally over-expressing human estrogen biosynthetic enzyme HSD17B1 (HSD17B1TG mice) present with adenomyosis phenotype, characterized by histological and molecular evaluation. The first adenomyotic changes with endometrial glands partially or fully infiltrated into the myometrium appeared at the age of 5.5 months in HSD17B1TG females and became more prominent with increasing age. Preceding the phenotype, increased myometrial smooth muscle actin positivity and increased amount of glandular myofibroblast cells were observed in HSD17B1TG uteri. This was accompanied by transcriptomic upregulation of inflammatory and estrogen signaling pathways. Further, the genes upregulated in the HSD17B1TG uterus were enriched with genes previously observed to be induced in the human adenomyotic uterus, including several genes of the NFKB pathway. A 6-week-long HSD17B1 inhibitor treatment reduced the occurrence of the adenomyotic changes by 5-fold, whereas no effect was observed in the vehicle-treated HSD17B1TG mice, suggesting that estrogen is the main upstream regulator of adenomyosis-induced uterine signaling pathways. HSD17B1 is considered as a promising drug target to inhibit estrogen-dependent growth of endometrial disorders. The present data indicate that HSD17B1 over-expression in TG mice results in adenomyotic changes reversed by HSD17B1 inhibitor treatment and HSD17B1 is, thus, a potential novel drug target for adenomyosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1651066857000},"page":"4815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Overexpression of Human Estrogen Biosynthetic Enzyme Hydroxysteroid (17beta) Dehydrogenase Type 1 Induces Adenomyosis-like Phenotype in Transgenic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Taija","family":"Heinosalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalle T.","family":"Rytk\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Tykist\u00f6katu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niina","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Forendo Pharma, It\u00e4inen Pitk\u00e4katu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"J\u00e4rvensivu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauliina","family":"Damdimopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu","family":"Orasniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 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