{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:46:47Z","timestamp":1789019207401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4220200913807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4220200913807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1F1A1052380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1F1A1052380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4220200913807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4220200913807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11036849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1F1A1052380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1F1A1052380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuronal loss (death) occurs selectively in vulnerable brain regions after ischemic insults. Astrogliosis is accompanied by neuronal death. It can change the molecular expression and morphology of astrocytes following ischemic insults. However, little is known about cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury that can variously lead to damage of astrocytes according to the degree of ischemic injury, which is related to neuronal damage\/death. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between damage to cortical neurons and astrocytes using gerbil models of mild and severe transient forebrain ischemia induced by blocking the blood supply to the forebrain for five or 15 min. Significant ischemia tFI-induced neuronal death occurred in the deep layers (layers V and VI) of the motor cortex: neuronal death occurred earlier and more severely in gerbils with severe ischemia than in gerbils with mild ischemia. Distinct astrogliosis was detected in layers V and VI. It gradually increased with time after both ischemiae. The astrogliosis was significantly higher in severe ischemia than in mild ischemia. The ischemia-induced increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a maker of astrocyte) expression in severe ischemia was significantly higher than that in mild ischemia. However, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were apparently damaged two days after both ischemiae. At five days after ischemiae, astrocyte endfeet around capillary endothelial cells were severely ruptured. They were more severely ruptured by severe ischemia than by mild ischemia. However, the number of astrocytes stained with S100 was significantly higher in severe ischemia than in mild ischemia. These results indicate that the degree of astrogliosis, including the disruption (loss) of astrocyte endfeet following ischemia and reperfusion in the forebrain, might depend on the severity of ischemia and that the degree of ischemia-induced neuronal damage may be associated with the degree of astrogliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T08:21:25Z","timestamp":1651652485000},"page":"5096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Relationship between Neuronal Damage\/Death and Astrogliosis in the Cerebral Motor Cortex of Gerbil Models of Mild and Severe Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Choong-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Kyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon Sung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il Jun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong-Hyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.4.505","article-title":"Transient forebrain ischemia induces impairment in cognitive performance prior to extensive neuronal cell death in mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"19","author":"Kondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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