{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:20:33Z","timestamp":1790036433649,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 INFRADEV-3-2019","award":["871096 \u201cEATRIS-Plus\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871096 \u201cEATRIS-Plus\u201d"]}]},{"name":"H2020 INFRADEV-3-2019","award":["KP-06-OPR03\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-OPR03\/18"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria","award":["871096 \u201cEATRIS-Plus\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871096 \u201cEATRIS-Plus\u201d"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria","award":["KP-06-OPR03\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-OPR03\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the thyroid gland is one of the organs most affected by autoimmune processes, many patients with thyroiditis of Hashimoto (TH) seek medical advice on lifestyle variance and dietary modifications to improve and maintain their hyroid function. In this review, we aim to present and discuss some challenges associated with the nutritional management of TH, focusing on environmental and dietary deficits, inflammatory and toxic nutrients, cyanotoxins, etc. We discuss the relationships among different diets, chronic inflammation, and microbiota, and their impact on the development and exacerbation of TH in detail. We share some novel insights into the role of vitamin D and melatonin for preserving thyroid function during chronic inflammation in autoimmune predisposed subjects. A comprehensive overview is provided on anti-inflammatory nutrients and ecological diets, including foods for cleansing and detoxification, which represent strategies to prevent relapses and achieve overall improvement of life quality. In conclusion, data from biomedical and clinical studies provide evidence that an appropriate dietary and lighting regimen could significantly improve the function of the thyroid gland and reduce the reactivity of autoantibodies in TH. Compliance with nutritional guidelines may help TH patients to reduce the need for medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1651756226000},"page":"5144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Nutritional Management of Thyroiditis of Hashimoto"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yana","family":"Danailova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Velikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Lozenetsz, Sofia University St. Kliement Ohridski, 1 \u201cKozyak\u201d St., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Nikolaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorka","family":"Mitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. 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Bonchev St., Blvd. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Shinkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Gagov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossitza","family":"Konakchieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0635","article-title":"Multiple Nutritional Factors and the Risk of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/101.6.698","article-title":"Racial and age-related differences in incidence and severity of focal autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"101","author":"Okayasu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. 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